The creation of Pakistan on 14th Aug. 1947 was the culmination of a struggle that began in 1857 to overthrow British rule over the subcontinent.

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Making of Pakistan

• The creation of Pakistan on 14th Aug. 1947 was
  the culmination of a struggle that began in 1857
  to overthrow British rule over the subcontinent.
• The British came to subcontinent in 17th century
  for the purpose of trade and merchandising.
• Soon they displaced the Mughal Muslim rulers, who
  had been in the power of 650 years.
• Prior to Muslim rulers, the Hindus and British
  rulers the original tribes and Dravidians, were
  ruling the region.
• Many cultures and races have been involved in
  shaping the destiny of this region.
• Hence, its important to understand the history
  of the subcontinent in order to appreciate how
  and how Pakistan was created.

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Battle of 1857
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Root War of Independence 1857

• Preaching of Christianity
• Lard Macuaulys education system
• Sex was considered in civil law rather then in
  criminal law
• The title of King after Bahadur Shah Zafar was
  abolished by British.
• Rules were dictated by British
• Unemployment

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• Ancient Times

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Ancient Time

• The history of sub-continent started off way
  back to Stone Age.
• This was an age of hunting and gathering
• Though there was some elementary agriculture.

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Indus Valley Civilization

• The Stone age is followed by Indus valley
  civilization (3000 to 3500 BC)
• Thousands years ago the part of India was called
  the Indus Valley civilization
• The Indus River is the site of one of the
  earliest appearances of civilization.
• It contained two major civilization Mohenjo Daro
  and Harappa which may date to 3500 BC.
• This was the period of sophisticated agriculture,
  trade and commerce, art and architecture, cities
  and buildings, religion and rites.
• The Indus Valley civilization is also known as
  Harappan culture because Harappa, which was
  discovered by accident, was the first city to be
  excavated by archeologists.

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• Cotton is known to have been grown in India as
  early as 3,000 BC, but was almost certainly grown
  much earlier.
• Ancient Indians are known to have worn brightly
  colored clothes. The early Indus River culture is
  the least studied of the five great river valley
  cultures

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Urban Centers

• The civilization encompassed about 2,000 towns
  and villages, many of which were mathematically
  planned.
• These are the world's first planned cities. The
  largest city was Mohenjo-Daro. The people lived
  in baked mud brick houses two and three stories
  high, and had sewage systems.
• Each home had its own private drinking well and
  its own private bathroom. Clay pipes led from the
  bathrooms to sewers located under the streets.
• Some scholars are convinced that Indus cities did
  not develop slowly over time. This suggests
  whoever built these cities seems to have
  developed the mathematics and technology in some
  other place.

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Indus Priest/King Statue
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God and Goddess
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Seals
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Economy

• The basis of the economy as the other river
  valley civilizations was agriculture.
• The Indus people used irrigation to water their
  fields. The main crops were barley, wheat, and a
  variety of vegetables and fruits.
• Animals, including the long-horned, humped bull,
  were domesticated. Cotton appears to have been
  the principal plant used for clothing. It was
  woven and dyed.
• Wheel-made clay was made and decorated with
  animal and geometric motifs. Illustration of fish
  on the seals suggest that fishing was an
  important part of the economy.
• The long-horned bull was a central image in the
  Indus culture and interestingly remains important
  in subsequent Indian iconography

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Bronze Age culture

• The Indus people were a bronze Age culture.
  Copper and bronze were in use. They used bronze
  tools.
• Some scholars believe that they may have
  acquired bronze technology from the Sumerians.
• They did not, however, develop iron technology.
  The Indus people were also traders, trade was
  carried out through the sea.

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• The Dravidians

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The Dravidians

• This very civilization was followed by the Indus
  Valley civilization.
• It was said that this civilization was coexisted
  within the Indus Valley civilization
• They had high degree of culture, with a religion
  and established Social Institutions.

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• The Aryans

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The Aryans

• The Aryans invaded subcontinent around 1500 BC.
  (Originally from central Asia and entered from
  Subcontinent from the North-West.
• Traveled from Sapta Sindhu or the Seven Rivers,
  in the area from Kabul to Jumna Rivers.
• Aryans continued their advance eastward,
  conquering a large part of the Ganges Plain and
  later crossing the Vindiyas to enter the Deccan
  Plateau.
• Aryans referred to conquering Dravidians and
  native tribe of Indus civilization
• They were farmers by nature
• They worshiped natural phenomena
• The religious rituals of Aryans were derived from
  Dravidians and later it resulted in Hinduism

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Hinduism

• Polytheistic religion
• They believe in cast and categories
• That all cast are determine from birth not
  through ones achievement in life.
• At that time subcontinent was divided into
  different sub-political units. (Many kingdom)
• The largest Hindu kingdom was establish during
  the regime of King Ashoka (250 B.C)
• At the battle of Kalinga it was thought that
  Ashoka embrace Buddhism.
• Even at that time Hinduism wasnt dominant
  religion.
• 6th century Introduction of new religion
  Buddhism
• This religion was contrary to Hinduism believes
  of cast system

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• Thought they established their own independent
  regions in subcontinent but couldnt survive.

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Evolution of Muslim society in Subcontinent
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• The establishment of Muslim society in
  subcontinent was due to 3 elements.
• Arab Traders
• Arab had trade and business relations with the
  inhabitants of subcontinents
• Many Arab traders had their own resorts and
  properties in subcontinents for the purpose of
  trade
• After advent of Islam in 610 entire Arab
  converted to Islam
• Arab traders also converted to Islam.
• Its being said that, their humble behavior was
  one of the reason that why people in subcontinent
  converted to Islam
• The inhabitants of Malabar (Karalla), Kolaam
  (Traquor), Gujarat (Kathiyawar) also converted to
  Islam
• Along with trading the Arabs also preached about
  Islam

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• Newly converted professor T.W Arnold wrote in his
  book that, Samari (The last King of Malabar) got
  inspired from the group of Muslims on the visit
  to Sri Lanka
• However the advent of Muslim society in Sindh was
  initiated by Muhammad Bin Qasims invasion
• 1. Root cause of invading Sindh
• - After the successful invasion of Iran during
  the Khilafat of Hazrat Umer (R.A) the Arabs came
  across to the rulers of Sindh.
• - Until the condition of Arabs (In terms of
  trade) weren't deteriorated the idea of attacking
  Sindh was not given serious consideration.

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The root cause of invading Sindh

• The rule of Sindh Raja Dahir being famous for his
  cruelness.
• In 703 the fire of invading Sindh reached to
  maximum when the inhabitants of Sindh murdered
  the Governor of Makraan and approached towards
  Sindh for shelter
• In reaction of this very act, Hijaaj-bin-yousuf
  questioned of sending back to the culprits, which
  was rejected from Raja Dahir
• This led to conflict among Arabs and Sindh
  administration

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• 2. The plunder of Arabs by inhabitants of Sindh
• In Sri Lanka, the Arab (traders) residents died.
  In condolence, the King sent gifts to orphans,
  widows to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf for Banomia
  Walid-Bin-Abdul Malik (Khalifa-e-Islam)
• Near Thatha the entire travelers were looted by
  naval robbers.
• Hijaaj Bin Yousuf questioned on this very act to
  Raja Dahir, the reply given to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf
  was disappointed.
• The planning of taking over Sindh was started
  from this particular point
• Hijaaj Bin Yousuf finally decided to take over
  Sindh through the help of Muhammad Bin Qasim

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Muhammad Bin Qasim (695-715) - The Successor

• Muhamamd Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in battles
  of Debal and Raward
• As the large no of man died in battle so women
  burned themselves according to the Hindu customs
• Though he kept taking over the possession of
  areas such as Barhama Abad, Ayloor (near Rohrdi),
  then Multan
• The inhabitants of Multan fought for 2 months at
  last they lost and the entire possession of
  Multan handed over to Muhammad Bin Qasim
• Thouhg he could have conquered more if the new
  Governor of Banomiya weren't sent him to
  imprisonment

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• He ruled Sindh for about 3 years.
• It was said that he gave religious rights to all
  peoples.
• The civil security and religious rights were
  guaranteed, as he said that your temples will be
  safe and secure as all others religious groups.
• It was said that his humble behavior was the
  reason locals converted to Islam even though they
  were free to spent their life according to their
  religion.

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Sultan Mehmood Gaznawi (997 1930)

• In his 33 years tenure he molest subcontinent 17
  times with immaculate success.
• Defeated the rulers of Kangdra, Mithar, Thanseer,
  Kanooj and Somnaat
• In 1027 Punjab become the part of Mahmood
  Gaznavis state and how Lahore became the centre
  of Islamic culture.

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Pakistans fabricated history
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• History written in Pakistan had been dictated
  by the ruling establishment
• The nation could not hope to make any real
  progress, unless distortion were removed.
• We project our leaders actions out of proportion,
  in terms of abandoning their black and white
• Modern history is leading on the same path
• Historians like Dr Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, S.M.
  Ikram and Moinul Haq wrote history, as dictated
  by dictators
• Some historians negated our ancient Indian and
  South Asian roots and tried to establish our
  links with Central Asia or with the Middle East

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• Gen Ayub in fact replaced the subject of history
  in school curriculum with social studies and the
  history departments of the universities in the
  country accordingly produced textbooks which
  contained articles by pro-Establishment writers