Module%209%20Classical%20Conditioning

1
Module 9Classical Conditioning
2
Learning

• A relatively enduring or permanent change in
  behavior that results from previous experience
  with certain stimuli and responses.
• Behavior includes both unobservable mental events
  (thoughts, images) and observable responses
  (fainting, salivating, vomiting)

3
3 Kinds of Learning

• Classical Conditioning
• Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus
  acquires the ability to produce a response that
  was originally produced by a different stimulus
• Operant Conditioning
• Kind of learning in which the consequences that
  follow some behavior increase or decrease the
  likelihood of that behaviors occurrence in the
  future
• Law of Effect (Actions followed by pleasurable
  consequences are strengthened)
• Cognitive Learning
• Kind of learning that involves mental processes,
  such as attention and memory
• May be learned through observation or imitation
• May not involve any external rewards

4
Classical Conditioning Activity

• We need a volunteer!
• 20 3

5
Important Terms

• Stimulus Something in the environment to which
  an organism responds
• Response Reaction to a stimulus

6
Select Stimulus Response

• Neutral Stimulus
• Some stimulus that causes a sensory response, but
  does not produce the reflex being tested
• Bell does not normally cause Sam to salivate
• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
• Some stimulus that triggers a physiological
  reflex, such as salivation or eye blink
• When presented to Sam, food causes him to
  salivate
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)
• An unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological
  reflex that is elicited by the UCS

7
Establishing Classical Conditioning

• Trial
• Common procedure used in classical conditioning
• Present both stimuli
• Typical trial
• Pair the neutral stimulus (tone) with the UCS
  (food)
• Tone Food UCR (Salivation)

8
Testing For Conditioning

• After 10 to 100 trials, test for the occurrence
  of classical conditioning
• Present the CS (tone) without the UCS (food)
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the
  ability to elicit a response that was previously
  elicited by the UCS
• Conditioned response (CR)
• Elicited by the CS
• CR is similar to, but not identical in size or
  amount to, the UCR

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
Labeling Activity

• UCS, UCR, CS, CR

13
Scenario 1

• A man wearing purple gloves snatched Sandras
  purse. Now, whenever Sandra sees someone with
  purple gloves, she feels tense.
• What was Sandras learned response? CR
• Feeling tense
• What would naturally cause this response for
  Sandra? UCS
• Getting purse snatched
• What did Sandra learn to associate with this
  response? CS
• Purple gloves

14
Scenario 2

• One of the best memories Jim had growing up was
  when he and his father would drink iced tea and
  talk. Now, every time Jim drinks iced tea, he
  thinks about those times and feels happy.
• What was Jims learned response? CR
• Feeling happy
• What would naturally cause this response for Jim?
  UCS
• Talking with his father
• What did Jim learn to associate with this
  response? CS
• Drinking iced tea

15
Scenario 3

• Whenever Fred kissed Marilyn, he would get a
  whiff of her very bad breath. Since that time,
  even though she now uses mouthwash, when he
  puckers up to kiss her he involuntarily winces as
  if in pain.
• What was Freds learned response? CR
• Wincing
• What would naturally cause this response for
  Fred? UCS
• Smelling bad breath
• What did Fred learn to associate with this
  response? CS
• Kissing Marilyn

16
(No Transcript)
17
Scenario 4

• Peggy was playing with a small black bug. When
  her mother saw it, she started screaming,
  frightening Peggy. Now, whenever Peggy sees a
  bug, she becomes frightened.
• What was Peggys learned response? CR
• Feeling frightened
• What would naturally cause this response for
  Peggy? UCS
• Mother screaming
• What did Peggy learn to associate with this
  response? CS
• Bugs

18
(No Transcript)
19
Other Conditioning Concepts

• Generalization
• Tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the
  original CS to elicit a response that is similar
  to the CR
• Carla may also experience anxiety when smelling
  her own hair shampoo because it is similar to the
  dentists aftershave
• Discrimination
• Occurs when an organism learns to make a
  particular response to some stimuli but not
  others
• The smell of Carlas nail polish does not elicit
  feelings of anxiety
• Extinction
• A procedure in which a CS is repeatedly presented
  without the UCS
• Therefore, the CS no longer elicits the CR
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Tendency for the CR to reappear after being
  extinguished even though there have been no
  further conditioning trials

20
How Useful is Classical Conditioning?

• Adaptive value
• Usefulness of certain abilities or traits that
  have evolved in animals and humans that increases
  their chance of survival
• Examples include finding food, acquiring mates,
  and avoiding pain
• Taste-aversion learning
• Associating a particular sensory cue with getting
  sick
• Thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue
• Rats quickly learn to avoid the smells or taste
  associated with getting sick after eating
  poisonous bait

• Preparedness
• Animals and humans are biologically prepared to
  associate some combinations of conditioned and
  unconditioned stimuli more easily than others

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Conditioned Emotional Response

• Feeling some positive or negative emotion when
  experiencing a stimulus that initially
  accompanied a pleasant or painful event
• Little Albert
• Many couples have a special song that becomes
  emotionally associated with their relationship

24
Can Emotional Responses Be Conditioned?

• John Watson tried to classically condition an
  emotional response in a young child named Little
  Albert
• He presented a white rat followed by a loud noise
  that elicited a startle and crying

Source PhotoDisc, Inc.

• Albert developed an emotional response (fear) to
  the white rat

Source PhotoDisc, Inc.
25
Watsons Little Albert Example

• Generalization
• Even Furry White Bunnies (initially a neutral
  stimulus)
• After conditioning with a similar stimulus (furry
  white rat)
• Produce response of fear!!!

26
Anticipatory Nausea

• Feelings of nausea that are elicited by stimuli
  associated with nausea-inducing chemotherapy
  treatments
• Patients experience nausea in anticipation of
  their treatment
• Conditioning anticipatory nausea
• Neutral stimulus is smell of the treatment room
  and Michelles dish detergent
• US is the chemotherapy which elicits nausea
  vomiting
• Conditioning trials occur when the smell of the
  treatment room is paired with the chemotherapy
• This produces the CR which is that the smell of
  the treatment room or the detergent elicits nausea

27
Writing Activity

• 3 Examples of Classical Conditioning

28
Activity

• Eyeblink 20 6

29
Systematic Desensitization

• Procedure based on classical conditioning
• Person imagines or visualizes fearful or
  anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses
  deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety
• Serves as a form of counterconditioning because
  it replaces fear with relaxation

30
3 Steps To Systematic Desensitization

• Learn to relax
• Make an anxiety hierarchy
• Imagine and relax

31
Key Terms

• Ivan Pavlov
• Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Generalization
• Discrimination
• Extinction
• Neutral Stimulus
• Unconditioned Stimulus
• Unconditioned Response
• Conditioned Stimulus
• Conditioned Response

32
Ivan Pavlov

• Russian scientist who discovered the principles
  of classical conditioning
• Accidental discovery!
• Terms

33
Classical Conditioning

• Controlling behavior by pairing old responses to
  new stimuli
• Type of learning or conditioning in which a
  response naturally elicited (brought about) by
  one stimulus comes to be elicited (brought about)
  by a different neutral stimulus
• Terms

34
Acquisition

• Acquiring a new response to an originally neutral
  stimulus
• Occurs gradually
• Terms

35
Generalization

• Responding to a stimulus similar to the
  conditioned stimulus (CS) with the conditioned
  response (CR) without prior training
• After conditioning, Little Albert feared furry
  white rats and furry white bunnies
• Terms

36
Discrimination

• The ability to respond differently to different
  stimuli
• After conditioning, Little Albert feared furry
  white rats and furry white bunnies, but did not
  fear blocks
• He was able to discriminate among different
  stimuli
• Terms

37
Extinction

• A conditioned response will die out gradually
  without pairings
• Terms

38
Neutral Stimulus

• A stimulus that does not produce a response
  before training/conditioning
• Terms

39
Unconditioned Stimulus

• A stimulus that produces a response naturally or
  automatically without training/conditioning
• UCS
• Terms

40
Unconditioned Response

• A natural or automatic response to a stimulus
• UCR
• Terms

41
Conditioned Stimulus

• A stimulus that an organism has been
  trained/conditioned to respond to in a certain
  way
• CS
• Terms

42
Conditioned Response

• A trained/conditioned response to a particular
  stimulus
• CR
• Terms

43
Mowrers Experiment

• A Creative Application of Classical Conditioning
  
• Bedwetting
• Alarm- Awakening
• Full Bladder- No response

44
Classical Conditioning

• PsychSim 4.0