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Neighbourhoods, Streets and Communities

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Title: Neighbourhoods, Streets and Communities


1
Neighbourhoods, Streets and Communities
Jon Lang MUDD Program, UNSW 3rd July 2008
2
Community?
  • There are a number of definitions
  • The people living in an area
  • An interacting populations of individuals in a
    common location
  • A group of people with a common interest.

  • Websters New Encyclopedic Dictionary
    (1993) 199

3
  • Streets and Communities
  • The primary role of streets is to give access
    streets also act as
  • edges or they can act
  • as seams for everyday life and community
  • formation.
  • The urban design issue
  • When do we give primacy to traffic flows and when
    to the street as a seam as a set of behaviour
    settings?

4
Communities?
  • Socio-Psychological
  • - Formal Organization
  • - Communal Organization
  • Physical
  • - Precincts
  • - Neighbourhoods
  • - Face-blocks
  • - Buildings

5
Organizational TypesFormal Organizations
  • They are held together by contract
  • They can be designed
  • Communal Organizations
  • They are held together by social norms
  • They cannot be designed they grow from the
    grassroots

6
Types of socio-physical communities
  • The total territorial community
  • -- the cresive community
  • The community of limited-liability
  • and
  • The administered community
  • The designed community

7
A total community?
Collection of the author
Photograph by
Carolina Calderon

A pol, Ahmedabad
8
An administered community

GSFC Township Vadodara (Baroda), India B. V.Doshi
and the Vastu Shilpa Foundation, urban designers
and architects
9
Wenxinyuan, Hankou
  • Design principles
  • walled and gated
  • a hierarchy of formal organizations
  • - block
  • - street
  • - building.
  • Is it a designed community or an administered
    community?


Source Bray (2006)
10
A designed community A cohousing example

Trudeslund, Denmark
Vankustein, architects
11
The search for community through urban design
  • Design Ideas
  • The standard model for decomposing a city into
    its parts
  • The neighbourhood unit updated
  • The vertical neighbourhood
  • The role of streets in all these examples?

12
The generic urban decomposition model


Source Hester (1975)

A specific case Columbia, Maryland, USA Rouse
Corporation Property Developers.
13
The neigbourhood unit
  • Design Principles
  • A well-bounded area (good contour)
  • Communal facilities at the core
  • ¼ mile (400 metres) walking distance from the
    periphery to the core
  • Shopping and apartment buildings at the
    intersections with neighbouring units


  • Clarence Perry




Source Regional Plan of New York, 1929
14
The Radburn (New Jersey, USA) plan
Source Gallion and
Eisner, 1975

The plan as built
A cul--de-sac
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright designers (Late
1920s)
15
Radburn

An underpass
A walkway from the back of houses to the
central park
16
The first generation British new towns


Source Runcorn
Development Corporation (1967)
Runcorn, England (1970s)
17
A pedestrian pocket proposal
Source Kelbaugh (1989)

Collection of the author
The generic idea
An example
18
New Urbanism and neighbourhood design
  • A neighbourhood should have
  • A discernible centre
  • Buildings in the centre built to the property
    line
  • Dwellings within a 5minute walk from the centre
  • A variety of dwelling types
  • Shops and offices at the periphery
  • An elementary school within walking distance of
    houses
  • A playground within 1/8 mile (200metres)
  • A connected network of streets
  • and
  • A formal self-governing organization

  • Source Andres Duany and Elizabeth
    Plater Zyberk Architects, Inc.

19
The neighbourhood unit updated, 1994
  • Design Principles
  • ¼ mile walking distance
  • 160 acres bounded by boulevards
  • shops bus stop at the centre
  • school shared with adjacent areas
  • mixed use main street
  • offices etc parking on boulevards


Duany and Platter Zyberk, architects
20
The image of the main street


Source Jackson
(2006) Proposal for Fullerton, California 2006
100 homes, 300,000 sq feet (27871sq metres)
commercial space
21
Example Playa Vista, Los Angeles



Source Katz (1994) 186
22
US Patent 6688052- Neighborhood housing
arrangement

(2004)
Source http//drflandershometown.com/HT20PICTURES
20PAGE2001.htm
23
(No Transcript)
24
The Rationalist Response A vertical
neighbourhood

Source Richards (1962)
The Unité d habitation, Marseilles, France Le
Corbusier, architect
25
A district of vertical neighbourhoods

Buildings set in open space
26
The modern version?
27
  • The street as seam
  • Why bother?

28
Streets as nested sets of behaviour
settings
Remember such observations as these are
culture-bound!
29
A University-Town Community
A Neo-Traditionalist
approach

Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
30
Traffic and face-block neighbourhoods
The higher the traffic volume the less the
communication across streets
31
Stage in life cycle and mobility
Source Michael
Southworth
32
Children the true neighbourhood people?

Source The Smithsons
Question What do we do with observations such as
this one?
33
A study of childrens play areas


Source Randolph Hester, Neighborhood
Space
34
The woonerf or shared street
Source
Southworth and Ben Joseph, 1996
35
The cul-de-sacNo longer a viable option? Too
old-fashioned?
Its a favoured play space for children
36
Recognizing the limitations of planning and design
  • Creating opportunities for the formation of
    community
  • (i.e., communities of limited liability)

37
What can we do today?
  • In creating a sense of community in a
    neigbourhood or in a building
  • Design a central node
  • Create a boundary
  • Create an image of similarity of buildings
  • Create formal organizations
  • Create opportunities/catalysts for social
    meeting.
  • The most one can expect to achieve is a community
    of limited liability but also one rich in
    informal learning opportunities for children.

38
A community of limited liability

Collection of the author

Millennium Village, Greenwich, London, England,
UK Ralph Erskine, Urban Designer and Architect
39
A college community

Kresge College, University of California at Santa
Cruz Moore and Turnbull, architects
40
A community of scholars?A designed community
  • The National Center for the Humanities, North
    Carolina, USA
  • Hartman Cox, Architects

41
Conclusion
  • Remember
  • We can design formal organizations
  • We cannot design communal ones
  • We can create opportunities (affordances) for the
    development of communal organizations
  • But
  • Most depends on the people involved and their
    aspirations

42
The quality of streets is fundamental in the
quality of communities
  • They can be seams for everyday life
  • They are multi-purpose spaces
  • They establish the character of any development
  • Remember
  • streets are three dimensional not just the
    roadbed they are enclosed by buildings
  • A street wants to be a room


  • Louis I Kahn

43
(No Transcript)
44
The character of streets shapes the character
of neighbourhoods


Photographs by Jesus Lara
Source Croc (2005)
Main Street, Moapa Valley, Nevada
and an alternative
45
Thank you
Jon Lang
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