Hymenomycetes: Gasteromycetes

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HymenomycetesGasteromycetes

• Pl P 421/521 General Mycology

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Gasteromycetes

• Basidiospores mature inside basidiocarp
• Basidiospores not forcibly discharged
  (statismospores)
• Do not comprise a monophyletic (natural) group
  these forms have evolved at least four different
  times
• Wide range of different types of basidiocarps,
  both epigeous and hypogeous

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Orders

• Lycoperdales puffballs
• Tulostomatales stalked puffballs
• Sclerodermatales earth balls
• Phallales stink horns
• Nidulariales birds nest fungi

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Terminology

• Statismospores
• Basidiospores that are formed symmetrically on
  sterigmata and are not forcibly discharged

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• Gleba
• Fertile portion, contains basidia and
  basidiospores
• May contain capillitium (coarse, thick-walled
  hyphae)

Image of Calvatia gigantea from Eugen Gramberg
(1913) Pilze unserer Heimat
www.bioimages.org.uk/.../ 01-10-07/01J07K3.jpg
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• Peridioles
• Small structures containing basidiospores and
  basidia
• Peridium
• Outer covering of basidiocarp may be
  multilayered

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Order Lycoperdales

• Includes common puffballs and earthstars
• World-wide distribution
• Most species are saprotrophs, some are mycorrhizal

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Morphology

• Basidiocarps often have sterile subgleba that
  gives them a stalked appearance
• Peridium consists of 2-4 layers
• Endo-, meso- and exoperidium
• Immature gleba is white and uniform
• Mature gleba is dark and powdery
• contains basidiospores and capillitium
• Basidiospores dark, globose, ornamented

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Common taxa

• Lycoperdon
• Common puffballs, exoperidium often warty and
  wearing away to reveal smooth, papery
  endoperidium
• Geastrum
• Earthstars
• Exoperidium mesoperidium are tough and split in
  stellate manner endoperidium thin and papery

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G. Barron
Lycoperdon
Miller and Miller 1988
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Geastrum (from C. Stiles)
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Order Tulastomatales

• Stalked puffballs stalk is often below ground
• Basidiospores dark, globose, warted at maturity
• Saprotrophs
• Representatives
• Calostoma glutinous stalk temperate and
  tropical regions
• Tulastoma dry stalk arid regions

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Calostoma cinnabarina
http//plantpath.osu.edu/faculty/ellett/cinnabarin
a.html
Tulastoma (from Miller and Miller, 1988)
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Order Sclerodermatales

• Earth balls and false earth stars
• One-layered peridium in most taxa peridium wears
  away to expose gleba
• Immature gleba is dark
• Gleba organized into peridioles or locules
• Basidiospores reticulate to warted, thick-walled
• Ectomycorrhizal
• Pinaceae and Fagaceae in Northern Hemisphere
• Also with Myrtaceae in Southern Hemisphere

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Common Taxa

• Astraeus
• False earth star peridium two-layered and
  separates
• Pisolithus
• Large, unattractive, club-shaped basidiocarps
  with persistent peridioles
• Scleroderma
• Earth balls look like tough, above-ground
  truffle due to thick peridium and irregular
  shape basidia formed in locules

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http//archivioforum.funghiitaliani.it/Files/Astra
eus.jpg
Astraeus (from Miller and Miller, 1988)
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
Pisolithus tinctorius (B. Callan)
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Pisolithus tinctorius (from B. Callan)
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http//www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Scleroderma_cep
a.html
Scleroderma cepa
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Scleroderma citrina (from G. Barron)
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Order Nidulariales

• Birds nest fungi and cannon ball fungus
• Basidiocarps oval, urn- or trumpet-shaped
• Formed in clusters on dead wood (saprotrophs)
• One- to three-layered peridium
• Basidia produced in persistent, thick-walled
  peridioles
• Forcibly discharged in Sphaerobolus
• Rain splashed in birds nest fungi

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Common taxa

• Cyathus
• Urn-shaped, dark peridioles, funiculus
• Crucibulum
• Cup-shaped, dull white peridioles, funiculus
• Nidula
• Cup-shaped, pale brown peridioles, no funiculus
• Sphaerobolus
• Cannon-ball fungus one peridiole, forcibly
  discharged by evagination of endoperidium

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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Epiphragm
Peridioles
Funicular cord
Crucibulum
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Photo by Guillermo Pimentel
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Sphaerobolus
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Sphaerobolus (MykoWeb)
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Order Phallales

• Stinkhorns
• Most species are saprotrophs
• Gleba dissolves into putrid mass
  (methylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide) that attracts
  insects that disperse spores
• Immature basidiocarps form egg-stage
• Gleba formed on receptacle
• Basidiocarps expand rapidly at maturity

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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Mutinus
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From Miller and Miller, 1988
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Clathrus
Dictyophora
Photos by Tom Volk
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Zhusun Mushroom/ Bamboo Fungus A special fungus
found in bamboo groves. White in color and lamp
shade-like in shape, the mushroom is both
delicious and nutritious.
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http//www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/Images/P
hallGramb373.jpg
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Gastroid and Secotioid Taxa

• Closely related to agarics and boletes
• Gastroid/secotioid taxa have evolved from
  ballistosporic forms
• Gastroid - Hypogeous basidiocarps
• Secotioid - Epigeous basidiocarps, but pileus may
  fail to expand, gills may be deformed

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Examples

• Russula
• Secotioid taxa Elasmomyces, Macowanites
• Gastroid taxa Martellia, Gymnomyces
• Suillus
• Gastroid taxon Rhizopogon

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Rhizopogon (MykoWeb)