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Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe

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Title: Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe


1
Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe
  • Jagellonian University
  • 9 May 2005
  • Laura Laubeova
  • laubeova_at_fsv.cuni.cz

2
Structure of the lecture
  • Definitions multiculturalism, race ethnicity,
    minority,
  • Concepts theories of MC
  • State policies vs. Minority requirements
  • Politics of redistribution / recognition
  • Ethnocultural justice
  • Concept of Racisms, discrimination
  • From assimilation to inclusion
  • Antidiscrimination in EU, institutional racism in
    UK

3
Background
  • Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13)
  • two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)
  • European Framework Convention for protection of
    national minorities (FCNM)
  • CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.
  • i.e. framework for public policies
  • promoting positive interethnic relations,
    elimination of discrimination and racism.
  • Retreat of MC after 9/11

4
After 9/11
  • Failure of MCP?
  • Baubock (2005) 3 elements of MC
  • Constitutionally entrenched rights
  • HR as trumps over majority preferences (Dworkin)
  • Accommodationist policies
  • bilingual edu for immig. General integration not
    a minority right
  • Shared public identity
  • equal membersip in polity, citizenship

5
Multiculturalism
  • Descriptive
  • Normative- see bellow
  • Government policy
  • (Canada, Australia)
  • Institutional policies
  • (UK racial equality, CERES)

6
Definitions related to ethnicity
  • From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic
    community.
  • Ethnie is
  • a named human population with myths of common
    ancestry, shared historical memories,
  • one or more elements of common culture, a link
    with a homeland,
  • a sense of solidarity among at least some
    members.
  • - covers both majority and minority population.
  • vs
  • multiple identities,
  • situational (transcending) ethnicities,
  • hybridity

7
Ethnicity2 basic 3 complementary approaches
  • 1. Primordialists
  • focus on primordial ties ( but static naturalist,
    ethnic id. overlapping with other types of id.)
  • Sociobiologists - mechanisms of nepotism and
    inclusive fitness based on genetic reproductive
    capacity (reductionism)
  • 2. Instrumentalists
  • Symbols for political goals, rational choices.
    Socially constructed nature of ethnicity.
  • But neglect wider cultural environment,
    affective and collective dimensions. Interests
    only in material terms.

8
Approaches to ethnicity cont.
  • 3. Transactionalists
  • Frederick Barth social boundaries, ascribed
    ethnicity
  • 4. Social psychological
  • Horowitz, Tajfel
  • 5. Ethno-symbolists
  • Myths symbols. nostalgia AD Smith, Armstrong
  • (Hutchinson, Smith Introduction)
  • See also Cornell, Hartmann
  • Circumstantialists vs Primordialists

9
Race
  • Biology natural sciences no longer since late
    70s (see researches in genetics bellow)
  • Race remains a legitimate concept for
    sociological analysis because social actors treat
    is as real and organise their lives and practices
    by reference to it (van den Berghe)
  • Robert Miles race is only an ideological
    construct that is used by social scientists for
    legitimising the status quo
  • D. Mason Clearly there are no such things as
    races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers
    of people behave as if there are

10
Race cont.
  • Mason race is a social relationship in which
    structural positions and social actions are
    ordered, justified, and explained by reference to
    systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise
    the social and cultural relevance of biologically
    rooted characteristics.
  • In other words, the social relationship race
    presumes the existence of racism and
    institutional racism.
  • Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon
    (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and
    human nature, London Penguin Books
  • Stephen Gould (1996) The Mismeasure of Man
  • Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of race and
    thnic relations

11
Preamble of the EU Race Directive
  • The European Union rejects theories which
    attempt to determine the existence of separate
    human races. The use of the term "racial origin"
    in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of
    such theories.
  • Race is a social construct, i.e. a category
    without any biological underpinning

12
Race vs ethnicity
  • Race is often treated as ideology
  • ethnicity as a real phenomenon.
  • Racial refers mainly to physical terms,
  • ethnic rather to cultural terms.
  • Race refers to them,
  • ethnicity to us.
  • Both concepts always imply social relationship.

13
Minority
  • group of people distinguished by physical or
    cultural characteristics
  • subject do different and unequal treatment by
    the society in which they live
  • and who regard themselves as victims of
    collective discrimination
  • 1945 Louis Wirth

14
Minority - cont.
  • must be a 'non dominant' group
  • its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or
    linguistic characteristics differing from those
    of the rest of the population
  • must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of
    solidarity, directed towards preserving their
    culture, traditions, religion or language'
  • (Capotorti as quoted from MRG)
  • Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical
    majority in a state,
  • those who are not necessarily nationals or
    citizens of the state where they reside.
  • MRG

15
Multiculturalism
  • Conservative (diversity as a deficit, communit.)
  • Left essentialist (Afrocentrism, also communit.)
  • Liberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities,
    decontextualisation, depolitisation)
  • but procedural liberalism vs communitarian
    liber. Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics
    of recognition)
  • Pluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation)
    vs melting pot

16
Multiculturalism cont.
  • Critical MC (Frankfurt School, power,
    emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)
  • Antiracist (life chances - CERES)
  • Reflexive (Ali Ratansi Derrida Giddens)
  • Cosmopolitan
  • Ethnicity as habitus (Bourdieu)
  • Hybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall)
    rooting vs shifting
  • (see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)

17
Multiculturalism cont.
  • V. Parrillo three models of minority
    integration
  • Assimilation (majority- comformity)
  • Amalgamation (melting pot)
  • Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)
  • Multiculturalism diversity cooperation
  • Parillo, 1997

18
State policies incl. MCP
  • Eva Sobotka policies twds the Roma in CEE
  • Exclusion
  • Assimilation
  • Co-existence
  • Multiculturalism
  • Sobotka 2003

19
MCP target groups (minorities)/claims and
expectations
  • 1. Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)
  • National minorities (Can., Eur.) Autonomy
  • 2. Legal immigrants, gastarbeiters,
  • refugees Fair terms of integration
  • Irregular illegal immigrants (denizens/metics)
  • 3. AfroAmericans Inclusion
  • 4. Roma Positive action
  • 5. Ch. Jews, Amish, etc Difficult case
  • Kymlicka
  • stages communitarian, liberal, nation building

20
Liberal position
  • Dworkin substantial and procedural rights
  • Rawls individual autonomy supplemented by
    non-discrimination provisions should always carry
    more importance than collective rights

21
Arguments against ethnocultural neutrality of the
state
  • Education
  • Legal system
  • Diffusion of language
  • Relation to different ethnical/ethical questions
  • slavery, polygamy, polyandry, incest, euthanasia,
    suicide, capital punishment, abortion, coerced
    marriages, divorce on demand, gay and lesbian
    marriages, etc.

22
Ethnocultural justice (Kymlicka)
  • Two main ideas
  • Minorities are also entitled to various degrees
    of nation-building
  • Minority rights are a supplement not a substitute
    for human rights

23
Multiculturalism cont.
  • Integration, inclusion, inclusive education
  • Intercultural vs multiculrural
  • Politics of redistribution,
  • of recognition (Frazer)
  • politics of equal dignity (Autonomy)
  • politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)

24
Racism isms
  • sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia
  • Neil Thompson
  • Racism can be defined as an attitude (ideology)
    or action (behaviour) that disadvantages
    individuals or groups on the basis of their
    racial inferiority1, mainly by means of
    limiting their access to scarce resources.1
    Racial difference or racial inferiority is often
    perceived or constructed in terms of different
    culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.

25
Explanations of racism
  • 1. Psychological Some people are like that
  • 2. Lack of knowledge, ignorance To know
    is to love
  • 3. Intergroup relations Birds of a feather
  • 4. Individuals are racists because the
    structures, practices, and values of our society
    are racist. Its the system

26
Discrimination/ismsPersonal Cultural -
StructuralNeil Thompson
27
Racisms cont.
  • from violent attacks or scapegoating
  • to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m.
  • tendency to deny racism (unacceptable)
  • two main meanings
  • 1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority
  • 2) the whole complex of factors which produce
    racial discrimination and sometimes also those
    which produce racial disadvantage
  • Cashmore

28
Racism as ideology
  • 1. the so called scientific racism of the 19th
    century, manifested for example in the
    publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995
  • 2. popular racism or common sense racism that
    is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe
    that ones own cultural paradigm is universal,
    neutral and superior to any other culture

29
In other words
  • Racism
  • 1. denies all difference in the name of
    universality of the human nature, but
    unconsciously it takes back this universality to
    the dominant model
  • 2. uses the obvious differences to turn them
    into instruments of domination, exploitation,
    condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.

30
Racisms- cont.
  • Racism, in short, involves
  • stereotypes about difference and inferiority
  • use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate
  • The Parekh Report, 2000
  • Attitudes
  • Behaviour
  • Structures

Inequality
Prejudice
Discrimination
31
Racisms cont.
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  

Prejudice
Exclusion
Discrimination
32
Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck)
 
 
33
assimilationist policies inclusiveness
34
Assimilationist model
  • DIFFERENCE DEFICIT
  • ASSIMILATION
  •  
  •   
  • COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
  • Does the individual fit
  • into the System or Institution? 
  •  

ASSIMILATION
35
Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model
  • Cultural Effects
  •  CULTURES
  • LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES
  • PLURALIST
  • TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
  •  Does the organisation of this institution
  • recognise Diversity ?  
  •  

PLURALIST
36
Equity/Rights Model
  • Social and Political Effects
  •  EQUITY PARTICIPATION
  • ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
  • LIFE CHANCES
  • Are people enabled in this institution?
  • Do the structures allow for
  • achievement, growth and opportunities?

ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
37
Enlarged Europe May 2004
  • Green paper on Equality and non-discrimination
    in an enlarged European Union
  • http//www.stop-discrimination.info
  • http//europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/fundam
    ental_rights/greenpaper_en.htm
  • http//www.enar-eu.org/en/info/fact18.shtml

38
Institutional racism
  • 1999 The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry
  • Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of
    Cluny, also at www.official-documents.co.uk/docume
    nt/cm42/4262/4262.htm mainly chapter 6,
    pp. 26-28
  • Institutional Racism defined as The collective
    failure of an organisation to provide an
    appropriate and professional service to people
    because of their colour, culture or ethnic
    origin. It can be seen or detected in processes,
    attitudes and behaviour which amount to
    discrimination through unwitting prejudice,
    ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist
    stereotyping which disadvantages minority ethnic
    people.
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