Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications:

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Vikas Nath President The Digital Governance
Initiative www.DigitalGovernance.org

• Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications
  
• Developing vs. Developed Countries
• with specific reference to Asia

e-Governance Executive Master programme at EPFL
Lausanne, Switzerland 9 December 2005
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Let us get out of this classroom. to get a
better understanding of this session.
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Who is the Government for Citizens ?Who are the
Citizens for Government ?
CITIZENS
GOVERNMENT
Women
Central Government
Home Ministry
Farmers
Taxpayer
Courts
Agriculture Department
Rural Population
National Banks
Senior Citizens
Municipality
Un- Employed
State Government
Customs
Entrepreneur
Media
Excise Department
Police
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E-Governance is about Match- Making Building
Relationships and Trust
GOVERNMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS
USER GROUPS
E- GOVERNANCE
Un- Employed
Transport Ministry
Farmers
NGO Workers
Department of Youth Employment
CITIZENS
Home Ministry
Women
Senior Citizens
Local Municipalities
Children
Local Media
Health Department
Local Businesses
Agriculture Department
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Case A The pre E-Governance situation
V Value of Service being derived by the user U
V1B
A
B
V1A
U1
C
V2C
U2
U4
V4D
U3
D
V3D
V5D
U5
SERVICES (A, B, C, D)
USERS (5)
Total Public Value of Services derived U1V1
U2V2 U3V3 U4V4 U5V5
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Case B Desired post E-Governance situation
G
U6
U8
A
B
U1
U7
C
E
U2
U4
F
U3
D
U5
SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F)
USERS (8)
Public Value of E-Governance Services U1V1
U2V2 U3V3 U4V4 U5V5 .. UiVj
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A Key Learning Developing vs Developed Countries
E-Governance Model !

• ICTs enhances Information Access and Flows
• almost automatically in project designs

But creating Politically and Citizen Relevant
E-Governance Models the Geometry of Information
Flows needs to be RESHAPED within the society.
And this is all the more required in Developing
Countries where information asymmetries are
higher and channels to access information
limited.
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5 Geometrically Sensitive E-Governance Models

• Wider Dissemination Model
• Critical Flow Model
• Comparative Analysis Model
• E-advocacy/ Pressure group model
• Interactive-Service Model

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Wider Disseminating Model Information Public
Domain Wider Public Domain
CITIZENS

• Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices
• Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information
• Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures
• Key Judicial Decisions state vs. citizen
  decisions
• Government Tenders, Procurement Notice
• Government Employment

Wider Public Domain
CITIZENS
Public Domain Information
CITIZENS
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Examples
Mongolia Open Government http//open-government
.mn Philippines Government Online (but not
yet!) http//www.gov.ph/directory/ Malaysia
E-Flood Information http//jps.selangor.gov.my
Uzbekistan Portal of the State of Authority
http//www.gov.uz
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MONGOLIA
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1. The system integrates all hydrology data from
   District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology
   Unit automatically and in real time.
2. It then provides real-time river monitoring to
   safequard life and property, and offers flood
   warnings through SMS.
3. The project simplifies government agency flood
   rescue operations.

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INDIA Fish Shoal Movements in the Indian Ocean
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Critical Flow Model Critical Information Private
Domain Wider Public Domain

• Corruption Information
• Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact
  studies commissioned
• Companys Green Ratings
• Human Rights Violations Records
• Whistle Blowing

Wider Domain
Private Domain Information
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Examples
India Central Vigilance Committee
www.cvc.nic.in Online filing of complaints
against public officials and online exposing of
names of Corrupted Government Officials.
Bangladesh Human Rights Portal
www.banglarights.net independent web portal which
exposes and challenges discriminations and
violations of human rights. Mexico Declarenet
www.declaranet.gob.mx Declaranet" allows for
on-line filing of income for federal employees.
Bloggers
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INDIA Central Vigilance Committee
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BANGLADESH Human Rights Violations
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Comparative Analysis Model Information Private /
Public Domain Public / Private Domain
Wider Public Domain
Public/Private Domain
Wider Domain
Public Domain Information
Public/Private Domain
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Comparative Analysis Model

• Based on Precedence Information
• (time line)
• With and Without Information

• Court Rulings / Historical Archive
• Tracking Performance Records / Financial Assets
  Growth of Ministers
• Electoral Candidates Information

• Bringing out Best / Worst Practices
• Cases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities

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Examples
India National Courts http//indiancourts.nic.in
Sri Lanka Comparison of Education Indicators
(Kothmale Project) India Green Ratings of Chief
Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of
Industries http//www.cseindia.org India
Comparative Learning from Disasters http//www.nic
.in
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INDIA National Courts
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INDIA Green Rating of Industries / Paper Mills
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Mobilisation and Lobbying Model Building Allies
/ Networking Networks for Concerted Action
Virtual Community
Communities
Individuals
Real Community
Common Goal
Networks
Interest Groups
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Examples

• Planned, Directed, Strategic flow of Information
  to build strong issue-based Allies / solidarity
  to complement action in Real World.
• (often through combination of other models)
• SMS and Mobile Campaigns- Philippines and
  Ukraine
• Signature Campaign India (Petition
  OnlineCorruption)
• e-Signature Campaigns Pakistan
• e-Groups on Agriculture
• Zimbabwe Kubatana.net (using emails for
  lobbying)

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INDIA Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in
Murder of Mr. Satyendra Dubey for his Fight
Against Corruption
Batchmate Sanjeev Sinha, started a petition on
www.petitiononline.com and gathered almost 50,000
signatures in a month to force a Criminal Bureau
Investigation. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO)
even took cognizance of the electronic petition
and told Sinha about the progress on the case.
To  The Prime Minister of India Dec. 1st 2003.
Sub Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in
Murder of Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against
Corruption. Dear Mr. Prime Minister,
Satyendra Dubey, a very capable, honest and
upright person, was working as a senior engineer
of National Highways Authority of India on Golden
Quadrilateral project. As can be expected of an
honest officer Satyendra did not bend in front of
the vice of the system and was actively fighting
against corruption.
57640 Total e-Signatures
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Service Delivery Model USER
SERVICE PROVIDER
E-Government E- debates E-ballots E-procurement
of services E-administration taxes, parking
tickets, licenses
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Selective - Service Model
Online form processing, individual-identity/
authentication-based transactions (initiated by
thematic government offices)
Citizen A

• Applying for selected government products. Eg
  driving license (Transport Ministry), Land
  registration certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)
• Payment for goverment services. Eg taxes,
  license fees, custom duties
• Online voting
• Online purchase of government reports
• Filing of grievance and queries

Service X Govt. Office X
Citizen B
Service Y Govt. Office Y
Citizen C
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Examples
Philippines Online Marriage, Birth Certificates
(City of Manila) http//www.cityofmanila.com.ph/se
rvice.htm India Lokvani Online Complaints (42
Kiosks, Sitapur) http//sitapur.nic.in/lokvani/def
ault.htm India Delhi Government Online
Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in
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PHILIPPINES
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Bhoomi Model, Land Registration, INDIA
All 20 million land records of 6.7 million land
owners in 176 blocks of Karnataka has been
computerised. And digital records and maps are
now Legal Documents admissible for Bank Loans and
Dispute Resolutions.
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INDIA (Delhi) Online Complaint Form
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One-Stop Citizen Portal Model
Unifying portal that offers full case handling,
decision-making and delivery for diverse services
Service X Govt. Office X
Citizen A
ONE STOP PORTAL

• Citizen-centred model as an entry point to all
  interactions with the government
• Avenues for making online transactions, making
  payments for range of government services

Service X Govt. Office X
Citizen B
Service X Govt. Office X
Citizen C
Service X Govt. Office X
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Examples
Singapore eCitizen http//www.ecitizen.gov.sg/
India Andhra Pradesh State Government Portal
http//www.esevaonline.com/ UK DirectGov
http//www.direct.gov.uk/Homepage/fs/en
(Replaces UK Online) Malta Government
Information and Services Online http//www.gov.mt/
index.asp?l2
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SINGAPORE
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Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
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More than 1 reason for E-GovernmentDo we see
any pattern?
Transformation vs. Efficiency?

• USA Part of market-oriented government reform
  process, to maintain
• national competitiveness, realize in-depth
  democracy and enhance citizen satisfaction
• UK To enhance administrative efficiency,
  effectiveness, and responsiveness
• Korea Part of new growth engine after
  exponential economic growth
• Australia Reduce gaps between service standards
  between cities in the vast country
• Singapore Means to become the number-one country
  in the 21st century by taking advantage of its
  superior workforce and excellent economic
  environment
• India To open up government processes and
  enable greater public access to information
• Malaysia Transform government from bureaucracy
  to government for common people

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Guidelines for weaving Politically and Citizen
Relevant E-Governance Models What Developed
Countries could learn from E-Governance Models
in Developing Countries?

• Who are our Target groups that we want to reach
  out to, through Internet?
• What are the key information needs of the
  disadvantaged community?
• What are the existing channels by which
  information reaches to the disadvantaged
  community?
• What is the weakest link in the chain of
  information flows from source to the
  disadvantaged communities?

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For more information

• Vikas Nath
• founder
• http//www.DigitalGovernance.org
• http//www.DevNetJobs.org
• A network of over 2800 individuals with National
  Networks in India, Ghana, Nigeria and Nepal.
• Vikas_at_DigitalGovernance.org
• http//www.VikasNath.org