Ch. 10 - Sectionalism

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Ch. 10 - Sectionalism
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Differences by mid 1800s

• North
• - More industries
• - Larger cities
• - Better Transportation and
• communication (Railroads
• telegraph)
• - More wealth
• - Immigrants became industrial
• workers feared expansion
• of slavery
• - Larger population (gave north
• control of House of
• Representatives)

• South
• - Remained rural (Plantations
• Small farms)
• - Economy relied on cash crops
• (Cotton)
• - Manufactured under 10 of
• U.S. goods
• - Few immigrants (enslaved
• African Americans met labor
• needs)
• - In 3 states, Blacks were
• majority half in
• 2 others
• - Whites fear restriction of
• slavery would change society
• economy

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Differences Between The North South
Northern States Southern States
Population 21.5 million 9 million
Number of Factories 110,100 20,600
Miles of Railroad 21,700 9,000
Bank Deposits 207 million 47 million
Cotton Production 4 thousand bales 5 million bales
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Slavery and Racism

• Abolitionist movement gained strength
• - People felt slavery was morally wrong and
  paralyzed
• economic growth
• Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally
  wrong
• - Backed slavery because they didnt know any
  other
• way for blacks and whites to live together
  in society
• Racism existed in both the north and south
• - African- Americans could not vote, serve on
  juries or
• hold high public offices
• - African-Americans in the north lived in poverty

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Wilmot Proviso
Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian
Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to
a military appropriations bill Stated that no
slavery would be allowed in territory acquired
from Mexico

• South opposed
• - Argued that slaves were property under
  Constitution feared more free states
• -South worried it would lose control of the
  government
• - Needed the free and slave states to be equal

• North supported
• - Were afraid slavery would mean no jobs for
  free workers
• - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained
  from Mexico to be free states

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Mexican War Impact

• Free Soil Party
• - new political party formed that demanded the
  end of slavery
• - Wanted Congress to give western settlers free
  homesteads
• - Opposed extension of slavery into territories
• - Many Free-Soilers werent abolitionists
  supported restrictions on blacks
• - Objected to slaverys impact on white
  wage-based labor force
• - Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery
  throughout U.S.
• By 1850 As a result of the Gold Rush,
  California skipped the Territorial Phase of
  becoming a state
• California asked to enter the Union as a free
  state
• - South wanted it divided into two states (Why?)
• The Senate begins to debate the admission of
  these states as free states south begins to
  discuss secession!

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Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay presented the plan
• California entered the Union as free state
• Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the
  territories of Utah and New Mexico
• Popular Sovereignty Policy people in
  territories would decide for themselves
• Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. but
  slavery permitted.

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Compromise of 1850

• Fugitive Slave Law
• - passed people in free states
• had to help catch and return
• runaway slave
• - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial,
• right to testify on own behalf
• - Federal commissioners paid more
• for returning than freeing accused
• - People convicted of helping a
• fugitive were fined, imprisoned,
• or both
• Neither the north or south liked the compromise

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Slavery Divides Whigs

• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
  1852 elections
• - Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs
  opposed the Fugitive slave Act and gave only
  lukewarm support to the Compromise of 1850
• - Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to
  appear both pro-slavery pro-union
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in
  1852

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Formation of Political Parties
PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS
Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor
Know Nothing 1854 (American Party) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic
Whig 1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery
Republican 1854 (Horace Greely Opposed expansion of slavery into territories
Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery
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Underground Railroad

• Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use
  force in rescues
• Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid
  prison for fugitives granted them jury trials
• Underground Railroadsecret network of people who
  help slaves escape
• - Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery,
• becomes conductor on
• 19 trips
• - Fugitives go on foot
• at night, often no food,
• avoiding armed patrols
• - Some fugitives stayed
• in North others went
• on to Canada

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Uncle Toms Cabin

• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about
  the cruel treatment of a slave
• Caused many Americans to begin supporting the
  abolitionist movement
• Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the
  South's problem, but the nations problem
• Uncle Toms Cabin showed slavery as moral
  problem, not just political

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Kansas- Nebraska Act

• Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to
  build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to
  California
• - It would have to cross the unorganized
  territory of the
• Great Plains
• Act called for the creation of two new
  territories (KS NB)
• - Both were north of the Missouri Compromise
  line
• Douglass bill repealed Missouri Compromise
  bitter debate ensues
• Act passed with support of the south
• 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act
• popular sovereignty
• Whig Party splintered after
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

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Formation of Political Parties
PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS
Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor
Know Nothing 1854 (Nativists) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic
Whig 1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery
Republican 1854 (Horace Greely) Opposed expansion of slavery into territories
Democratic 1840 (Democratic-Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery
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Bleeding Kansas

• Kansas became battleground over slavery
• Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas
  Territory
• Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid
  societies
• More antislavery settlers (free soilers) than
  proslavery
• 1855 - Kansas holds election for territorial
  legislature
• Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border
  Ruffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election
  day
• Each side boycotted the election
• Set up 2 governments
• - Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Antislavery
  Govt in Topeka

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Bleeding Kansas

• May 1856 proslavery group attacked Lawrence
  burned stores and home (several died)
• John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5
  proslavery settlers The Pottawatomie Massacre
• Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents
  that kill some 200
• 1857 Lecompton Constitution,
• - 2nd constitution drafted for Kansas
• Territory - proslavery supporters
• - Permitted slavery excluded free
• blacks from living in Kansas
• - Allowed only male citizens of the
• United States to vote.
• - There were three separate votes - the
• final vote, residents of Kansas
• Territory rejected the Lecompton
• Constitution.

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Violence in the Senate

• Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally
  attacked his colleagues for their support of
  slavery in Kansas
• - Insulted aged South Carolina Senator Andrew
  Butler
• for beliefs and impaired speech
• Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat
• Sumner with his cane for
• insulting his uncle
• - Caused shock and
• brain damage
• Southerners applauded
• Brooks Northerners
• condemned him

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The 1856 Election

• Republicans select John C. Frémont (mapped OR
  Trail, led troops in CA)
• Know-Nothing party split
• - Northerners endorsed Fremont
• - Southerners selected former U.S. presidents
  Millard Fillmore
• Democrats - James Buchanan of PN
• - Most of his Washington friends were
• southerners
• - Had been out of the country
• during the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• South was prepared to secede form the union if
  Republicans won
• James Buchanan elected secession averted

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Dred Scott Decision

• 1857 Dred Scott sued for freedom
• Had lived in north with his master before
  returning to the south
• Said that made him a free man after his masters
  death
• Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave
• - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories
• - Also said that Congress couldnt ban slavery
• - Only states could
• Big victory for proslavery people

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Stephen
  Douglass Senate seat
• Because Lincolns unknown, challenges Douglas to
  debates

• Douglas believed slavery was backward
  unsuitable for prairie agriculture
• - He didnt think it was
• immoral
• - Wanted popular
• sovereignty
• to decide issue
• (thought it
• would undo slavery)

• Lincoln believed slavery was immoral
• - Lincoln though
• legislation
• needed to stop
• spread of
• slavery

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• 2nd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free
  states if territories must allow slavery
• Douglass issued Freeport Doctrine that explained
  how a territory could get around the Dred Scott
  decision
• - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery
• Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened
  regional split between Democrats
• Lincolns attacks on vast moral evil of slavery
  drew national attention

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John Browns Attack at Harpers Ferry

• Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to
  start a slave rebellion
• October 1859 Brown led a group to attack the
  U.S. arsenal at Harper Valley, Virginia
• - Planned to give the weapons to the
• slaves and start an uprising
• - U.S. Marines put down rebellion,
• capture Brown
• The north praised Brown and saw him as a hero
• The attack terrified the south
• Southerners become angry at the North's response
• - Ask how they could share the same
• government with people who regard
• John Brown as a hero

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Election of 1860

• Democratic Party split
• - North supported Stephen Douglass
• - South supported John C. Breckinridge
• Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln
• 4th party Constitutional Union Party candidate
  was John Bell
• - Wanted a compromise to save the union)

• Two different elections
• - South election was between Breckinridge and
  Bell
• - North was between Douglass and Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln won the election
  with only 40 of
• the popular vote (carried the more
  populous northern
• states - Wasnt even on part of the
  southern ballots
• Lincoln had never called for ending slavery he
  just didnt want it to spread
• - Lincoln told south he wouldnt meddle with
  slaves

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Election of 1860

• South became angry that president could be
  elected without any southern electoral votes
  they feared they had lost control of the
  government
• - 18 free states and 15 slave states
• - Felt threatened that slavery would be
  abolished

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Southern States Secede

• Dec. 20 1860 South Carolina seceded from the
  union
• Said it voluntarily joined the union it could
  voluntarily leave
• Other southern states leave the union in next 6
  weeks
• Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
  Louisiana, and Texas

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The Confederacy Established

• February 1861 - the seceding states form a new
  nation (The Confederate States of America)
• Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi
  unanimously elected president
• - Davis said that slavery was necessary for
  agriculture and the wants of the civilized man
• Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected
  vice-president
• Only 25 of the people in the south owned slaves
• Other 75 fought battle to defend system because
  they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks

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The Calm Before the Storm

• President Buchanan called secession illegal
• - Also said it was illegal to stop it
• Mass resignations from government in Washington,
  D.C. (Southern city)
• Some people thought the federal government was
  melting away
• Abraham Lincoln didnt take office until March
  1961
• Would North allow the South to leave the union
  without a fight?

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The Calm Before the Storm
In late December 1860 three commissioners from
the newly seceded state of South Carolina met
with lame-duck President Buchanan to negotiate
for possession of Fort Sumter, a federal
installation in Charleston Harbor. Buchanan's
attempts to stay the situation and South Carolina
governor Francis Pickens's insistence on Union
evacuation of the fort are ridiculed here.
Pickens (left) holds a lit fuse to a giant Union
cannon "Peacemaker," which is pointed at his own
abdomen. He threatens, "Mr. President, if you
don't surrender that fort at once, I'll be
"blowed" if I don't fire." Buchanan (right)
throws up his hands in alarm and cries, "Oh
don't! Governor Pickens, don't fire! till I get
out of office." In the background a steamer makes
its way across Charleston Harbor toward Fort
Sumter. The print probably appeared early in
1861, amid mounting tensions over the fate of the
fort and uneasy relations between Washington and
South Carolina.