Biorational Pesticides: What they are and how you can use them in IPM

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Biorational Pesticides What they are and how you
can use them in IPM

• WGGA 2006
• S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky
• University of Wyoming

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Disclaimer

• Trade or brand names used in this presentation
  are used only for the purpose of educational
  information.
• No product endorsement is implied.

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Definition

• No single, clear definition. EPA identifies
  biorational pesticides as having fundamentally
  different modes of action and lower risks of
  adverse effects than conventional (i.e.
  neurotoxin) pesticides.

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Other Terms

• How do Reduced-Risk, Minimum Risk Pesticides
  and Biopesticides fit into the biorational
  definition?

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More Definitions

• Reduced-Risk can be conventional pesticides
  that have low toxicity, low risk of groundwater
  contamination, low pest resistance, are effective
  and compatible with IPM. Manufacturers arent
  allowed to label products as reduced-risk and
  not all labeled uses may be considered as
  reduced-risk. (Meisterpro Crop Protection
  Handbook lists the reducedrisk pesticides)

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More Definitions

• Minimum-Risk pesticides are exempt from EPA
  registration. They are currently listed at
• http//www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/regtools
  /25b_list.htm
• mostly vegetable oils, plant extracts, wetting
  agents/detergents, zinc metal strips,etc.

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More Definitions

• Biopesticides are derived from natural sources as
  animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.
  Bt containing products are the most common but
  the plant incorporated protectants that come
  from adding genetic material to plants also falls
  in this category. (Canola oil is listed as a
  biopesticide but corn oil is listed as a minimum
  risk pesticide???)

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Impetus for All the Changes

• The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) to
  protect people, especially children from over
  exposure to pesticides (from not just crop
  residues but all sources).
• EPA gives expedited registration to reduced-risk
  pesticides. Old pesticides are being
  re-registered.

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How Do Biorationals fit Into IPM?

• Cultural control
• Host-plant resistance
• Physical/Mechanical control
• Regulatory control
• Chemical control
• Biological control

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Keeping up with changes

• Crop Data Management Systems, Inc
• (despite the name they cover turf and ornamental
  products also)
• www.cdms.net
• Greenbook
• www.greenbook.net
• Also have to make sure your state approves of
  the federal label use.

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Types of Biorational Products

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) three main types
• Juvenile Hormones
• Precocenes
• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
• Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but
  effects non-target arthropods and insects.
• Only immature pests are killed, IGR can also
  effect arthropod eggs and embryogenesis.

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Types of Biorational Products

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
• JH disruptor analogs - novaluron
• Precocenes methoprene, pyriproxyfen
• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors - cyromazine,
  diflubenzuron

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Pyriproxyfen sub-lethal effects
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Unsuccessful molt after Dimilin application
Insects are killed when they grow to a next
developmental stage
Normal molt
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Types of Biorational Products

• Mite Growth Regulators (MGR) types
• Etoxazole - MGR - eggs and nymphs
• Clofentezine - ovicide (safe for predatory mites)
• Bifenazate MGR (safe for predatory mites)
• Pyridaben MGR (toxic to predatory mites also)
• Hexythiazox ovicide/miticide (safe for
  predatory mites)

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Types of Biorational Products

• Botanicals and Florals
• Natural toxicants like nicotine
• Alkaloids (some are toxic to all animals)
• Neem (azadirachtin less toxic but still useful in
  greenhouses, UV light breaks it down)

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Types of Biorational Products

• Bacterial Fermentation Products
• ACh receptors - Spinosad (has certified organic
  formulations)
• GABA inhibitors - Avermectin

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Types of Biorational Products

• Unique Modes of Action
• Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor
• Spiromesifen and spirodiclofen are very new
  products with an unusual mode of action from the
  Tetronic acids class of pesticides. They have
  activity against mites, scale crawlers and
  psyllid nymphs.

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Types of Biorational Products

• Microbials
• Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)
• Fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae newest labels)
• Viruses
• Nematodes
• Genetically modified plants (Produce Bt toxins)
• Low toxicity for non-target animals
• Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have
  failed commercially

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Types of Biorational Products

• Neonicotinoids - related to nicotine and acts on
  the acetylcholine receptors
• Imidacloprid most used worldwide
• Clothinidin
• Thiamethoxam
• Acetamiprid
• Dinotefuran armored scales Safari

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Biorational Landscape Products
Hand out UMASS product list
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Cost Comparison Example

• Neighbor has large juniper (Juniperus spp.)
  trees, provide winter wind protection, almost
  always get drought stressed in summer but wont
  be replaced.
• Spider mites (Platytetranychus libocedri) on
  juniper (aka cedar) attack almost every summer.
• Owner usually sprays with malathion, multiple
  times.

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How does it fit into IPM?

• Cultural control
• Host-plant resistance
• Physical/Mechanical control
• Regulatory control
• Biological control
• Chemical control

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Cost Comparison of Alternatives

• Bifenthrin (4th Gen. pyrethroid labeled for
  mites)
• 69 per 16 fl. oz. - Internet price Jan06
• 12 per gallon of spray at medium rate
• Once every 7 days max.
• Bifenazate (mite growth regulator)
• 165 per 16 fl. oz. - Internet price Jan06
• 64.5 per gallon of spray at medium rate
• Once every 28 days

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Treatment Cost Comparison of Alternatives

• Bifenthrin (synthetic pyrethroid)
• 69 per 16 fl. oz.
• (Once every 7 days max.)
• 48 Chemical cost at medium rate plus four
  application costs per month
• Bifenazate (mite growth regulator)
• 165 per 16 fl. oz.
• 65 Chemical cost at medium rate plus one
  application cost per month

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Which is more cost effective?
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Biorationals Place in IPM

• Dont want to use the same mode of action
  pesticide every time you treat.
• Cultural changes, if possible, mite? eliminate
  the need for treatment
• For a while, there were few economical
  alternative to conventional insecticides

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Please follow product labelsandThank you for
your attention!