FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING

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FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING

• Overview of Metal Forming
• Material Behavior in Metal Forming
• Temperature in Metal Forming
• Strain Rate Sensitivity
• Friction and Lubrication in Metal Forming

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Metal Forming

• Large group of manufacturing processes in which
  plastic deformation is used to change the shape
  of metal workpieces
• The tool, usually called a die, applies stresses
  that exceed yield strength of metal
• The metal takes a shape determined by the
  geometry of the die

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Stresses in Metal Forming

• Stresses to plastically deform the metal are
  usually compressive
• Examples rolling, forging, extrusion
• However, some forming processes
• Stretch the metal (tensile stresses)
• Others bend the metal (tensile and compressive)
• Still others apply shear stresses

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Material Properties in Metal Forming

• Desirable material properties
• Low yield strength and high ductility
• These properties are affected by temperature
• Ductility increases and yield strength decreases
  when work temperature is raised
• Other factors
• Strain rate and friction

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Bulk Deformation Processes

• Characterized by significant deformations and
  massive shape changes
• "Bulk" refers to workparts with relatively low
  surface area-to-volume ratios
• Starting work shapes include cylindrical billets
  and rectangular bars

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Basic bulk deformation processes (a) rolling
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Basic bulk deformation processes (b) forging
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Basic bulk deformation processes (c) extrusion
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Basic bulk deformation processes (d) drawing
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Material Behavior in Metal Forming

• Plastic region of stress-strain curve is primary
  interest because material is plastically deformed
  
• In plastic region, metal's behavior is expressed
  by the flow curve

• where K strength coefficient and n strain
  hardening exponent
• Stress and strain in flow curve are true stress
  and true strain

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Flow Stress

• For most metals at room temperature, strength
  increases when deformed due to strain hardening
• Flow stress instantaneous value of stress
  required to continue deforming the material

where Yf flow stress, that is, the yield
strength as a function of strain
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Temperature in Metal Forming

• For any metal, K and n in the flow curve depend
  on temperature
• Both strength and strain hardening are reduced at
  higher temperatures
• In addition, ductility is increased at higher
  temperatures

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HOT and COLD WORKING
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HOT and COLD WORKING

• Cold working is metal forming performed at room
  temperature.
• Advantages better accuracy, better
  surface finish, high strength and hardness of the
  part, no
• heating is required.
• Disadvantages higher forces and
  power, limitations to the amount of forming,
  additional
• annealing for some material is
  required, and some material are not capable of
  cold working.
• Warm working is metal forming at temperatures
  above the room temperature but bellow the
  recrystallization one.
• Advantages lower forces and power,
  more complex part shapes, no annealing is
  required.
• Disadvantages some investment in
  furnaces is needed.
• Hot working involves deformation of preheated
  material at temperatures above the re
  crystallization temperature.
• Advantages big amount of forming is
  possible, lower forces and power are required,
  forming
• of materials with low ductility, no work
  hardening and therefore, no additional annealing
  is required.
• Disadvantages lower accuracy and surface
  finish, higher production cost, and shorter tool
  life.

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Friction in Metal Forming

• In most metal forming processes, friction is
  undesirable
• Metal flow is retarded
• Forces and power are increased
• Wears tooling faster
• Friction and tool wear are more severe in hot
  working

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Lubrication in Metal Forming

• Metalworking lubricants are applied to tool-work
  interface in many forming operations to reduce
  harmful effects of friction
• Benefits
• Reduced sticking, forces, power, tool wear
• Better surface finish
• Removes heat from the tooling

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Considerations in Choosing a Lubricant

• Type of forming process (rolling, forging, sheet
  metal drawing, etc.)
• Hot working or cold working
• Work material
• Chemical reactivity with tool and work metals
• Ease of application
• Cost