s2p3

1

• s2p3
• -3, 3, 5

2
Arsen

• The word arsenic is borrowed from a Persian word
  Zarnikh meaning "yellow orpiment".  Zarnikh was
  borrowed by Greek as arsenikon.  Arsenic has been
  known and used in Persia and elsewhere since
  ancient times.  Arsenic compounds were mined by
  the early Chinese, Greek and Egyptian
  civilisations. No doubt they discovered its toxic
  properties early on.
• It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the
  element in 1250 A.D. who obtained it by heating
  soap together with orpiment (arsenic trisulphide,
  As2S3).

3
Arsen

• Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743-1794

Albert Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193-1280
4
Antimon

• Antimony was discovered by Known since ancient
  times at no data in not known. Origin of name
  from the Greek words "anti monos" meaning "not
  alone" (the origin of the symbol Sb comes from
  the Latin word "stibium")
• Antimony was recognized in compounds by the
  ancients and was known as a metal at the
  beginning of the 17th century and possibly much
  earlier. Its most important mineral is stibnite,
  a mineral which formed the basis of black eye
  makeup in Biblical times. Antimony was sometimes
  confused with lead in those times. It seems not
  to be clear who first recognised antimony as an
  element but the French chemist Nicolas Lémery
  conducted much of the earlier studies on antimony
  chemistry.

5
Bizmut

• Bismuth was discovered by Known since ancient
  times at no data in not known. Origin of name
  from the German word "bisemutum"
• In early times bismuth was confused with tin and
  lead. So although bismuth had been discussed many
  times before, Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed
  it to be distinct from lead in 1753.

6
Mineraller

• As2S3 Auripigment
• As4S4 Realgar
• Sb2S3 Antimonit
• Bi2S3 Bizmutin
• FeAsS Arsenopirit

7
Auripigment
8
Realgar
9
Antimonit / Stibnit
10
As Eldesi

• It is not usually necessary to make arsenic in
  the laboratory as it is commercially available.
  Arsenic is found in nature in a number of
  minerals including realgar (As4S4), orpiment
  (As2S3), arsenolite (As2O3), and iron minerals
  such as arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and loellingite
  (FeAs2). Arsenic is made on an industrial scale
  by heating appropriate minerals in the absence of
  air. The arsenic is condensed out as a solid.
• FeAsS (700C) ? FeS As(g) ? As(s)

11
Sb eldesi

• Antimony is found in nature in a number of
  minerals including stibnite (Sb2S3) and ullmanite
  (NiSbS). Small amounts of native antimony have
  been found. Some ores are treatable under
  reducing conditions to form Sb2S3. The sulphide
  is removed to leave elemental antimony with scrap
  iron.
• Sb2S3 3Fe ? 2Sb 3FeS
• In antehr process, some ores can be heated to
  evolve the oxide Sb2O3 and this in turn can be
  reduced by charcoal in the presence of sodium
  sulphate, to ensure mixing, to form elemental
  antimony.
• 2Sb2O3 3C ? 4Sb 3CO2

12
Bi eldesi

• Bismuth is found in nature largely as bismite
  (Bi2O3), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), and bismutite
  (BiO) 2CO3. However it is generally made as a
  byproduct of copper, lead,tin, silver, gold, and
  zinc plants. The final step involves a reduction
  of the oxide by charcoal.

13
Arsenigin kullanim alanlari

• Basit madde halindeki arsenigin kullanim alani
  oldukça kisitlidir. Daha çok, tüfek saçmalarina
  yuvarlak biçim vermek için kursuna element
  halindeki arsenik katilir ayrica tunç
  kaplamaciliginda, fisekçilikte ve bazi
  alasimlarin yüksek sicakliklara direncini
  artirmakta arsenikten yararlanir.
• Arsenik bilesiklerinden bir çogunun üretiminde de
  baslangiç maddesi olan bu bilesik, tarim zararina
  karsi kullanilan ilaçlarin yapiminda, ayrica renk
  açici olarak cam üretiminde ve koruyucu madde
  olarak deri sanayisinde kullanilir.
• Bakira 1e kadar arsenik ekledikte, onun
  sertligi ve korozyona karsi dayanikligi artar.
• Yariiletken maddeler sirasinda GaAs ve In As gibi
  arsenidlerin rolü büyüktür.
• Çok zehirli bir gaz oldugundan AsH3 kimyasal
  silah olarak kullanilir. Arsenigin özellikle
  tarim açisindan büyük önem tasiyan bilesikleri
  ise, topragin mikroorganizmalardan
  arindirilmasinda ve tarim zararlilarinin
  önlenmesinde kullanilan arsenik asit, kursun
  arsenat ve kalsiyum arsenati dir.

14
Antimonun kullanim alanlari

• Kalay, kursun ve bakir gibi metallere sertlik
  veriyor.
• Terkibinde 5-15 antimon olan Sb-Pb-Cu
  alasimlari babbit adlandiriliyorlar.
• 3 Sn, 82 Pb ve 15 Sb terkipli alasim matbaa
  harflerinin dökümünde kullaniliyor.
• Antimonun Al, Ga, ve In ile olusturdugu
  intermetalik bilesikler yariiletkendirler.

15
Bizmutun kullanim alanlari

• Antimon ve su gibi, bizmut da katilastigi zaman
  hafifçe genlesir bu özelligi nedeniyle bizmut
  alasimlari, özellikle ince ayrintili metal döküm
  parçalarinin üretimine elverislidir.
• Bizmut alasimlarinin ergime noktasi düsük
  oldugundan, özel lehimlerde, otomatik püskürtme
  basliklarinda, yangin kapilarinin otomatik açilma
  düzeneklerinde, sigortalarda, basinçli gaz
  silindirlerinin güvenlik tapalarinda ve çesitli
  türden yangin detektörlerinde kullanilir.
• Sogutma sistemlerinin termoelektrik donaniminda
  bizmut tellürür (Bi2Te3 ) ve bizmut selenürden
  (Bi2Se3 ) yararlanir.
• Bizmut fosfomolibdat, propilen ve amonyagin
  havayla yükseltgenerek, akrilik liflerin,
  plastiklerin ve boyalarin hammaddesine olan
  akrilonitrile dönüstürülmesinde kullanilan çok
  etkili bir katalizördür.
• Bizmut tuzlari tipta genellikle sindirim
  bozukluklarinin tedavisinde, sindirim yollarinin
  X isinlariyla incelenmesinde, deri yaralarinin ve
  enfeksiyonlarinin tedavisinde kullanilir.
• Bizmut oksiklorür ( BiOCl ), dudak boyalarina,
  ojelere ve göz farlarina sedefli görünüm veren
  bir katki maddesidir.

16
Bizmut alasimlari
17
Arsenik özellikleri

• Arsenigin boz (metalik) ve sari (ametalik) renkli
  iki allotropik modifikasyonu biliniyor.
• Boz arsenik normal basinçta isitildiginda sublime
  eder, buharlari sivi hava ile hizli
  sogutuldugunda sari arsenige dönüsüyor. Sari
  arsenik, beyaz fosfor gibi karbon disülfürde
  çözünüyor, yumusak olup, isitildiginda boz
  arsenige çevriliyor.

18
Arsenik özellikleri

• Reaction of arsenic with air
• Arsenic is stable in dry air, but the surface
  oxidizes slowly in moist air to give a bronze
  tarnish and finally a black covering to the
  element. When heated in air, arsenic ignites
  "arsenic trioxide" - actually tetraarsenic
  hexaoxide, As4O6. This is accompanied by
  phosphorescence under some conditions. When
  heated in oxygen, arsenic ignites in oxygen to
  form "arsenic pentoxide" - actually tetraarsenic
  decaoxide, As4O10, and As4O6.
• 4As(s) 5O2(g) ? As4O10 (s)
• 4As(s) 3O2(g) ? As4O6 (s)
• Reaction of arsenic with water
• Arsenic does not react with water in the absence
  of air under normal conditions.

19
Arsenik özellikleri

• Reaction of arsenic with the halogens
• Arsenic reacts with fluorine, F2, to form the gas
  pentafluoride arsenic(V) fluoride.
• 2As(s) 5F2(g) ? 2 AsF5(g) colourless
• Arsenic reacts under controlled conditions with
  the halogens fluorine, F2, chlorine, Cl2,
  bromine, Br2, and iodine, I2, to form the
  respective trihalides arsenic(III) fluoride,
  AsF3, arsenic(III) chloride, AsCl3, arsenic(III)
  bromide, AsBr3, and arsenic(III) iodide, AsI3.
• 2As(s) 3F2 (g) ? 2AsF3 (l) colourless
• 2As(s) 3Cl2(g) ? 2AsCl3 (l) colourless
• 2As(s) 3Br2 (g) ? 2AsBr3 (s) pale yellow
• 2As(s) 3I2 (g) ? 2AsI3 (s) red

20
Sb özellikleri

• Antimon dört allotropik biçimde mevuttur.
  Bunlardan biri sari renkli ametalik, üçü ise
  metalik modifikasyonlardir siyah, partlayici
  antimon ve boz renkli antimon.
• Sari antimon karbon disülfürde çözünüyor,
  isittikta siyah antimon elde ediliyor.
• Patlayici antimon elektrolitik yöntemle elde
  ediliyor. SbCl3 elktroli edildikte, katotta
  toplanan metalin kristal kafesine klor aromlari
  dahil oluyor ve bu nedenle patlayici madde
  olusuyor.
• Patlayici antimon kaldiginda metalik
  modifikasyona siyah antimona çevriliyor.

21
Sb özellikleri

• Reaction of antimony with air
• Upon heating, antimony reacts with oxygen in air
  to form the trioxide antimony(III) oxide, Sb2O3.
  The flame is bluish white.
• 4Sb(s) 3O2(g) ? 2Sb2O3 (s)
• Reaction of antimony with water
• At red heat, antimony reacts with water to form
  the trioxide antimony(III) oxide, Sb2O3. Antimony
  reacts moreslowly at ambient temperatures.
• 2Sb(s) 3H2O(g) ? Sb2O3 (s) 3H2 (g)

22
Sb özellikleri

• Reaction of antimony with the halogens
• Antimony reacts under controlled conditions with
  the halogens fluorine, F2, chlorine, Cl2,
  bromine, Br2, and iodine, I2, to form the
  respective trihalides antimony(III) fluoride,
  SbF3, antimony(III) chloride, SbCl3,
  antimony(III) bromide, SbBr3, and antimony(III)
  iodide, SbI3.
• 2Sb(s) 3F2 (g) ? 2SbF3 (s) white
• 2Sb(s) 3Cl2 (g) ? 2SbCl3 (s) white
• 2Sb(s) 3Br2 (g) ? 2SbBr3 (s) white
• 2Sb(s) 3I2 (g) ? 2SbI3 (s) red
• Reaction of antimony with acids
• Antimony dissolves in hot concentrated sulphuric
  acid, H2SO4, or nitric acid, HNO3, to form
  solutions containing Sb(III). The sulphuric acid
  reaction produces sulphur(IV) dioxide gas.
  Antimony does not react with hydrochloric acid in
  the absence of oxygen.

23
Bi özellikleri

• Reaction of bismuth with air
• Upon heating, bismuth reacts with oxygen in air
  to form the trioxide bismuth(III) oxide, Bi2O3.
  The flame is bluish white.
• 4Bi(s) 3O2 (g) ? 2Bi2O3(s)
• Reaction of bismuth with water
• At red heat, bismuth reacts with water to form
  the trioxide bismuth(III) oxide, Bi2O3.
• 2Bi(s) 3H2O(g) ? Bi2O3 (s) 3H2 (g)

24
Bi özellikleri

• Reaction of bismuth with the halogens
• Bismuth reacts with fluorine, F2, to form the
  pentafluoride bismuth(V) fluoride.
• 2Bi(s) 5F2 (g) ? 2 BiF5(s) white
• Bismuth reacts under controlled conditions with
  the halogens fluorine, F2, chlorine, Cl2,
  bromine, Br2, and iodine, I2, to form the
  respective trihalides bismuth(III) fluoride,
  BiF3, bismuth(III) chloride, BiCl3, bismuth(III)
  bromide, BiBr3, and bismuth(III) iodide, BiI3.
• 2Bi(s) 3F2(g) ? 2BiF3 (s)
• 2Bi(s) 3Cl2(g) ? 2BiCl3 (s)
• 2Bi(s) 3Br2(g) ? 2BiBr3(s)
• 2Bi(s) 3I2(g) ? 2BiI3 (s)

25
Bi özellikleri

• Reaction of bismuth with acids
• Bismuth dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid,
  H2SO4, or nitric acid, HNO3, to form solutions
  containing Bi(III). The sulphuric acid reaction
  produces sulphur(IV) dioxide gas. With
  hydrochloric acid in the presence of oxygen,
  bismuth(III) chloride is produced.
• 4Bi(s) 3O2 (g) 12HCl(aq) ? 4BiCl3 (aq)
  6H2O

26
Nitrik asitle etkilesmeleri
27
Arsin
28
Arsin

• Arsine
• Formula as often written AsH3
• Formula weight 77.945
• Class hydride
• Synonyms
• arsine
• arsenic(III) hydride
• arsane
• arsenic hydride
• arsenic trihydride
• Physical properties
• Colour colourless
• Appearance gas
• Melting point -116C
• Boiling point -62.5C
• Density 3.42 kg m-3

29
Eldesi
30
Diarsin

• Diarsenic tetrahydride
• Formula as often written As2H4
• Formula weight 153.875
• Class hydride
• Synonyms
• diarsenic tetrahydride
• arsenic(II) hydride
• arsenic dihydride
• arsenic hydride
• diarsenic tetrahydride
• diarsine
• Physical properties
• Colour
• Appearance liquid, unstable
• Melting point
• Boiling point 100C

31
Antimon trihidrür
32
Antimon trihidrür

• Physical properties
• Colour colourless
• Appearance gas
• Melting point -88C
• Boiling point -17C
• Density 5.48 kg m-3 (gas)

33
Bizmut trihidrür

• Physical properties
• Colour colourless
• Appearance gas, unstable
• Melting point
• Boiling point 17C
• Density 9.3 kg m-3 (gas)

34
AsH3, SbH3, BiH3

• Dayaniksiz bilesiklerdirler. Ieitildiklarinda
  parçalaniyorlar, apolar bilesiklerdirler.
• Indirgeyicidirler
• AsH3 6AgNO3 3H2O ? H3AsO3 6HNO3 6 Ag
• Yandiklarinda oksitleri ve su olusuyor
• 2EH3 3O2 ? E2O3 3H2O

35
Oksitleri

• Arsenik ve antimon oksijenle E2O3 ve E2O5, bizmut
  ise Bi2O3 olusturuyor.
• Elementleri veya sülfürlerini yaktikta E2O3 elde
  ediliyorlar. As2O3 ve Sb2O3 buhar halinde As4O6
  ve Sb4O6 moleküllerinden ibarettirler.

36
As2O3

• As2O3 3H2O ? 3H3AsO3

37
H3AsO3

• H3AsO3 NaOH ? HAsO2 H2O
• HAsO2 I2 2 H2O ? H3AsO4 2HI

38
Sb2O3
39
Sb2O4

• Antimon veya Sb2O3 400 derecede oksijen ile
  etkilestiginde Sb2O4 olusuyor
• 2 5
• SbO SbO3

40
Sb2O3.xH2O / Sb(OH)3 / H3SbO3

• Sb(OH)3 3HCl ?SbCl3 3H2O
• Sb(OH)3 3NaOH ? Na3Sb(OH)6
• Sb2O3 2NaOH ? 2NaSbO2 H2O
• Sb(OH)3 KOH ? KSbO2 2H2O

41
Kusturucu tas

• HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOK
• Potasyum hidrotartarat
• KOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COO(SbO)x1/2H2O
• Kusturucu tas

42
Bi2O3

• Bi O2 ? Bi2O3
• Bi(NO3) 3 ? Bi2O3 12NO2 3O2
• BiCl3 3 Na2CO3 ? Bi2O3 6 NaCl 3CO2

43
Bi(OH)3

• Bi(NO3)3 3NaOH ? Bi(OH)3 NaNO3
• Bi2O3 6HNO3 ? Bi(NO3)3 3H2O
• Bi(OH)3 3H2SO4 ? Bi2(SO4)3 6H2O

44
Bizmutatlar

• BiCl3 Cl2 6KOH ? KBiO3 5KCl 3H2O
• Bi(OH)3 Cl2 3KOH ? KBiO3 2KCl 3H2O
• Bi2O3 2Na2O2 ? 2NaBiO3 Na2O
• 10NaBiO3 4MnSO4 16H2SO4 ? 5Bi2(SO4)3 4HMnO4
  5Na2SO4 14H2O
• 5KBiO3 Mn(NO3) 2 16HNO3 ? 5Bi(NO3)3
  2HMnO4 5KNO3 7H2O

45
As2O5

• 2H3AsO4 ? As2O5 3H2O
• As2O5 ? As2O3 O2

46
H3AsO4

• 2As 5Cl2 8H2O ? 2H3AsO4 10HCl
• 3As 5HNO3 2H2O ? 3H3AsO4 5NO
• As2O3 2Cl2 5H2O ? 2H3AsO4 4HCl
• 3As2O3 4HNO3 7H2O ? 6H3AsO4 4NO
• 3As2S3 28HNO3 4H2O ? 6H3AsO4 9H2SO4
  28NO

47
H3AsO4

• Sulu çözeltiden H3AsO4.0.5H2O biçiminde
  ayriliyor.
• Tuzlari
• Na2HAsO4.7H2O (suda çözünüyor)
• Na3AsO4 (suda çözünüyor)
• NH4MgAsO4 (suda az çözünüyor)
• Ag3AsO4 (suda çözünmüyor)

48
Antimon oksitleri

• 4Sb 4O2 ? 2Sb2O3
• 2Sb 10HNO3 ? Sb2O5 10NO2 5H2O
• 2Sb 2HNO3 ? Sb2O3 2NO H2O

49
HSbO3.3H2O Metastibat asidiH3SbO4.2H2O
Ortostibat asidi

• Sb2O5 7H2O ? 2HSb(OH)6
• SbCl5 6H2O ? HSb(OH)6 5HCl
• KSb(OH)6 NaNO3 ? NaSb(OH)6 KNO3
• beyaz
  çökelek

50
Bi2O5

• Bi2O3 O3 ? Bi2O5
• 100oC
• Bi2O5 ? Bi2O3 O2

51
Halojenli bilesikleri

• E2O3 6HCl ? 2ECl3 3H2O
• E2S3 6HCl ? 2ECl3 3H2S
• AsCl3 2H2O ? HAsO2 3HCl
• SbCl3 2H2O ? Sb(OH)2Cl 2HCl
• Sb(OH)2Cl ? SbOCl H2O

52
Sülfürleri

• As2S3, As2S5, Sb2S3, Sb2S5, Bi2S3
• 2AsCl3 3H2S ? As2S3 6HCl
• 2Na3AsO4 5Na2S 8H2O ? 16NaOH
• 2SbCl3 3H2S ? Sb2S3 6HCl
• 2SbCl5 5H2S ? Sb2S5 10HCl
• 2Bi(NO3) 3 3H2S ? Bi2S3 6HNO3

53
Sülfürleri

• 3As2S3 28HNO3 4H2O ? 6H3AsO4 28NO 9H2SO4
• derisik
• 3As2S5 40HNO3 4H2O ? 6H3AsO4 40NO 15H2SO4
• derisik
• Sb2S3 8HCl ? 2HSbCl4 3H2S
• derisik

54
Sülfürleri

• As2S3 3Na2S? 2Na3AsS3
• As2S3 3(NH4)2S? 2(NH4)2AsS4
• (NH4)3AsS3 3HCl H3AsS3 3NH4Cl
• 2H3AsS3 As2S3 3H2S
• _______________________________
• (NH4)3AsS3 6HCl As2S3 3H2S 6NH4Cl

55

• 2As 3H2SO3 2H3AsO3 3SO2
• derisik
• 3As 5HNO3 2H2O 3H3AsO4 5NO
• seyreltik
• 4As 12KOH O2 4K3AsO3 6H2O
• derisik, sicak

56

• 2Sb 6H2SO3 Sb2(SO4)3 3SO2 6H2O
• derisik, sicak
• 2Bi 6H2SO3 Bi2(SO4)3 3SO2 6H2O
• derisik, sicak
• Bi 4HNO3 Bi(NO3)3 NO 2H2O
• seyreltik

57
V?t?ndir

• Könlüm yen? bülbül kimi seydayi-v?t?ndir,M?cnun
  ed?n asiql?ri Leylayi-v?t?ndir.Yüzl?rl? göz?l
  asiqi olsam da m?n, ammaQ?lbim yen? d?
  asiqi-sevdayi-v?t?ndir. Dünyaya göz?llik ver?n,
  ?lb?tt?, Gün?sdir,Ondan da göz?l x?lq?
  t?c?llayi-v?t?ndir.Qoymaz bu müq?dd?s yer?
  bigan? toxunsun,H?r k?s ki, s?daq?tlidir,
  ?bnayi-v?t?ndir. T?rifi-behist eyl?m?sin
  x?lqim? heç k?s,C?nn?t d?, behist d? biz?
  s?hrayi-v?t?ndir. Vahid, el? z?nn eyl? ki, m?n
  Yusifi-?sr?m,M?suq? m?n? esqi
  Züleyxayi-v?t?ndir.
• 
  
  Aliaga VAHID

58
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