Introduction to Tourism:

1
Chapter 1

• Introduction to Tourism
• Themes, Concepts and
• Issues

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Introduction to Tourism Themes, Concepts and
Issues

• by
• Pro. Jin Ciping
• Bachelor of Science in Tourism
  Management
• (H54050020)
• Nanchang University
• School of Economy and Management
• Department of Tourism Management

3
Learning outcomes

• Why is tourism an important subject to study?
• How different definitions of tourism have been
• developed and frameworks used to study
  tourism?
• How to measure tourism
• Why are statistics important?

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Contents

• 1.WHY SHOULD WE STUDY TOURISM?
• 2. ACADEMIC RESEARCH
• 3.TOURISM IS AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM
• 4. DEFINING TOURISM
• 5.TOURISM MEASUREMENT

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1. WHY SHOULD WE STUDY TOURISM?

• Leisure society increase in the new
• millennium
• Tourism is Global business
• Tourism is a volatile economic activity

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Leisure society increase in the new millennium (1)

Activities Causes Regions
Since 1950s Leisure Industralization,Urbanization Developed countries
Up to 1990s New trends Governments good policies Asia, Indian Pennisula
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Leisure society increase in the new millennium (2)
New millennium Sightseeing Leisure Holiday
Developed countries Little Major Major
China Major High-income Place (BJ,ZJ) Coastal place (Guangdong)
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Tourism is global business(1)

• WTO 1997
• 1991--- 112 m employees in international
  
• tourism industry
• --- 2.5 trillion for the industry at
  1989
• prices
• 1996 --- 595 m tourist traveled abroad
• It continues to generate a growing demand for
  overseas travel

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Tourism is global business(2)
annual 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Employees in China ( thousand) 2973 3034 3163 3271 3451
Employees in JX(thousand) 64 66 69 71 97
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Tourism is a volatile economic activity

• An unsteady business
• Badly impacted by shock waves

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Unsteady Business

• Influenced by reasons
• Politics changes
• Economy changes
• terrorism

• Natural disasters
• Diseases

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Shock Waves(1)

• Economic changes
• Asian Finance Crisis (1997)
• Terrorism
• 9.11 Incidence (2001,9,11, New York)
• London bombing (2005,7,7, New)
• Hotel bombing ( 2005, 7,23,Samsayihe, Egypt)

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Shock Waves(2)

• Diseases
• SARS (2002)
• Avian Influenza (2003- indirect)
• Natural disasters
• Tsunami (2006,5,South Pacific nations)
• Hurricane (Katalane H,
• Debris flow

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Tourist arrivals and markets in Asian
countries, 1996-98

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Fluctuations in arrivals for select Asian
destinations, 1997-98
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2. ACADEMIC RESEARCH(Descriptive ways of study)

• ? Major regions and experts
• ?Attitudes
• ? Degrees of tourism study
• ?Major problems
• ?Supportive subjects

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Major regions and experts studying tourism

• Europe and America
• Major textbooks from North American, European, or
  Australian perspectives
• Scholars and experts (OP)

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Scholars and Experts
North America Lundberg, Mathieson, Wall, Mill, Morrison, Murphy
Europe Foster, Lavery, Cooper
Australia Pearce, Collier, Hall
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Attitudes Towards Study
Attitudes 1980s Late 1980s
Scholars and analysts Doubtful and conservative Subject contents are simple
Researchers Rigorous study Using many ways
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Degrees of Tourism Studystaircase of tourism
qualification

• Certificate (1-2 years)
• Diploma (1-3 years)
• Undergraduate degree (BA, 3-4 years )

• Taught Postgraduate degree (Master, 1-2 years)
• Postgraduate diploma (1 year full time)
• Research degree (PHD by thesis or publication, 3
  years )

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Staircase of Tourism Qualificationin China

• Technical High School (3years)
• Technical School(2-3 years)
• Technical college (2-3 years )

• Undergraduate diploma (2 years )
• Research degree (PHD by thesis, 4 years )

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Major Problems in the Tourism Study

• Difficultly recognized as a subject (OP)
• A subject short of concept guide (OP)
• Meaningful terms (OP)
• Limited data
• Rigor of study is problematic
• World economy and process of social
  transformation is changing

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Difficultly recognized as a subject

• Some analysts --- only an industry
• Others --- a subject or a process
• No agreeable answers

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A subject short of concept guide

• Academic argument, in the study
• No methods to follow
• No principles to follow
• Tourism is a complex subject

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Meaningful terms

• Ecotourism, rural tourism, urban tourism,
  sustainable tourism, responsible-type tourism
• Describe several sides of a problem
• Complex and difficult to understand

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Supportive subjects(1)

• All the subjects help the formation and growth of
  tourism
• Geography, ecology, agricultural studies, parks
  and recreation
• Urban and regional planning, marketing, and law

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Supportive subjects(2)

• Business and management science, transport
  studies, hotel and restaurant administration,
  education studies, and sociology
• Economics, psychology, anthropology, and safety
  management and ergonomics

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3.TOURISM IS AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM

• System theory
• Definition of tourism system
• Tourism system
• Tourism system methodology stress the
  importance

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System Theory

• Laws 1991 one methodology ( Systematic method )
  used by researchers to understand the nature of
  tourism phenomena is a system approach.
• Gilbert 1990 Since Tourism studies is a
  multidisciplinary area of study, we think a
  systems approach can accommodate (suit) a variety
  of different perspectives.

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Definition of a system

• Leiper 1990
• A system can be defined as a set of elements or
  parts that are connected to each other by at
  least one distinguishing principle.

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Definition of tourism system(1)

• Tourism is the distinguishing principle which
  connects the different components in the system
  around a common theme.

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Definition of tourism system(2)

• Leiper 1990
• A tourism system should conclude the following
  elements a tourist, a traveller generating
  region tourism destination regions transit
  routes for tourists travelling between generating
  destination area and the travel and tourism
  industry (e.g. accommodation, transport, the
  firms and organizations supplying services and
  products to tourists).

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Model of Leipers tourism system
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Model analysis

• Transport forms an integral part of the tourism
  system
• The system is represented in terms of volume of
  travel
• It is a framework showing the entire tourist
  experience of travelling

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Flows (directions of applied force)

• The system shows that we can analyze its inner
  relations through the flows between the inner
  parts. The inner parts of the system interact
  each other, so the interactions show that the
  specific relations between the different
  components

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Flows

• What effect does an increase in the cost of
  travel have on the demand for travel?
• How does this have repercussions ( rebound,
  reaction ) for other components in the system?
• Will it reduce the number of tourists travelling?

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Value of analyzing the system

• Make people know the whole process of tourism
  from the ways of seller and buyers
• Recognize some related organizations which
  control the tourist activities.

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4. DEFINING TOURISM

• Purpose of defining tourism
• Definitions
• Conceptual and technical definition
• Chadwicks classification of travelers

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Purpose of defining tourism

• Learning how to define tourism can help people
  make
• 
  Exploitation
• Statistics
• Management
  
• Research
• Business
  

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International tourist (WTO 1991)

• A visitor who travels to a country other
• than that in which he/she has his/her usual
• residence for at least one night hut not
• more than one year, and whose main
• purpose of visit is other than the exercise
• of an activity remunerated from within the
• country visited.

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International excursionist (WTO 1991)

• A visitor residing in a country who travels
  the same day to a country other than this in
  winch he/she has his her usual environment for
  less than 24 hours without spending the night in
  the country visited and whose maim purpose of
  visit is other than the exercise of all activity
  remunerated from within the country visited.

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Domestic tourist (WTO 1983)

• any person, regardless of nationality, resident
  in a country and who travels to a place in the
  same country for not more than one and whose main
  purpose of visit is other than following an
  occupation remunerated from within the place
  visited.
• Some governments include a mileage in this
  definition
• In Canada, 50 miles
• In America, 100 miles
• WTO , less than 6 months

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Two types of definitions

• Two types conceptual and technical
• Burkart and Medlik 1981
• concept---- broad notional framework, which
  identified essential characteristics etc.
• technical--- measurements

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Contents of conceptual definition

• Movement of people to various destinations, away
• from the usual residence
• Journey and stay including activities
• Temporary, short-term character, not over one
• consecutive year
• Not give rise to employment remunerated from
• within the places visited.

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Contents of technical definition

• Purpose of travel---type of traveler
• The time dimension involved in the tourism
  visit---
• shortest or longest hours, 24 -- within one
  year
• Those situations where tourists may or may not be
  
• included as tourists---cruise ship
  passengers, those
• tourists in-transit at a particular
  point
• embarkation/departure

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Chadwicks contribution to tourism

• Chadwick (1994) moved the definition of tourists
  a stage further by offering a typology of
  travelers which highlights the distinction
  between tourists (travelers) and non-tourists
  (non-travelers)
• He classifies travelers based on the technical way

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Chadwicks classification of travelers
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Questions

• How many types of travelers does Chadwick
  classify?
• What does this classification tell us? (OP)

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What does the classification tell us?

• He used the technical way to make clear which
  groups of the society have the motivations to
  travel and can be included in tourism and which
  groups cant be.
• From the classification of travelers, we can see
  clearly the domestic tourism and international
  tourism. Domestic tourism normally refers to
  tourist travel from one place to another within a
  country, while international tourism refers to
  tourist leaving his or her country of origin to
  another country.

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5.TOURISM MEASUREMENT

• Importance of tourist measurement
• Function of tourist measurement
• Four principal reasons for statistical
• measurement in tourism
• Advantages of tourism statistics
• Weakness of tourism statistics
• Statistics and data collection and data
  source

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Importance of measurement

• Ritchite(1975,cited in Latham1989)
• An important part of the maturing process for
  any science is the development or adaptation of
  consistent and well-tested measurement techniques
  and methodology which are well-suited to the type
  of problems encountered in practice.

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Function of tourism measurement(1)

• Statistics is a necessary feature to provide
  data to enable researchers, managers, planners,
  decision-makers and public and private sector
  bodies to gauge ( examine and evaluate) the
  significance and impact of tourism on the
  destination areas.

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Function of tourism measurement(2)

• At present, tourism, as a research field, has
  a very important position when it measures the
  tourists in different environments, tourist
  activities and their impacts on social and
  economic production. ( modern method of
  measurement )

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Four principal reasons for statistical
measurement in tourism(1)

• Berkalter and Meideliker1981
• to evaluate the magnitude and significance of
  tourism to a destination area or region
• to quantify the contribution to the economy or
  society, especially the effect on the balance of
  payments

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Four principal reasons for statistical
measurement in tourism(2)

• to assist in the planning and development of
  tourism infrastructure and the effect of
  different volumes of tourists with specific needs
• to assist in the evaluation and implementation of
  marketing and promotion activities where the
  tourism marketer requires information on the
  actual and potential markets and their
  characteristics.

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Advantages of tourism statistics

• To calculate the contribution of tourism to the
• countrys economy
• To assist in the marketing and promotion of
  tourism
• To help the regional development policies of
• governments
• To achieve social objects

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Weakness of tourism statistics

• Tourist data are not comprehensive and
  authoritative information cant deal with
  questions from researchers
• Not all the data are the latest
• Most tourist data come from the results of
  sampling investigation always inaccurate or
  sometimes wrong

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Governments methods of measuring tourism
Year Method Content
1937-1980 Took a simple measurement way Measure tourists in the concept of tourists,
Since 1985 Taking a more extensive statistical way 1. Measure above 2.Measure impact of tourist activities on economy and society, etc.
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Collection of international tourist statistics

• Count all individuals entering and leaving
  arrival or departure cards
• Interviews a sample of arriving or departing
  passengers
• Questionnaire a sample of arriving or departing
  passengers
• Accommodation arrivals and nights spent

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Tourism data collection(1)

• From
• The WTO
• Mintel
• The Economist Intelligence Unit
• Eurostat

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Tourism data collection(2)

• Government dept.
• Statistics Yearbook
• Tourist Statistics Yearbook
• Tourist Bureau
• The Customs

• Business dept.
• Hotels
• Travel agencies

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Data source(1)

• Public agencies and private departments depend on
  reliable tourist statistics data to make policies
  or business decision.
• Many countries focus on collecting and analyzing
  tourism data (Lathan 1998).
• Tourism data often lack consistency and coherence
  ( Hannigan 1994).

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Data source(2)

• Data is valuable in many fields
• Tourist planning and exploitation
• Impact evaluation
• Guideline of market sales and research

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World tourist statistics questions

• 1.What changes have occurred in the period
  199798 in visitor arrivals by WTO region?
• Which WTO regions have reported average annual
  growth rates in excess of 6 per cent between 1989
  and 1998?
• Which regions of the world dominate the world
  hotel capacity statistics?
• 4. What were the worlds top five tourism
  destinations in 1990, 1995 and 1998?