The Good, The Bad and The Ugly of Antibiotics and Antibacterial Products

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The Good, The Bad and The Ugly of Antibiotics and
Antibacterial Products

• An Interdisciplinary Approach to Reducing
  Antibiotic Resistance

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The War Against Bacteria Do we really need
them???
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Yes!

• To decay plants and animals to put nutrients back
  into the environment
• There are 10 times as man microbial on and in us
  than there are actual human cells
• We need it to break down food to digests
• We eat them for food (to make bread, beer, wine,
  yogurt, cheese)
• Marine animals live off phytoplankton's as a main
  food source
• Microbial symbioses is needed to allow plants to
  grow
• Biodegrading waste generated for industry and
  households
• They help detoxify soil and water dump sites
• Used in water filtration to remove organic
  materials for filth waters that is eventually
  returned to rivers ad streams as our drinking
  supply
• About 70 of antibiotics are products of
  microbial fermentation
• Vitamin B12, riboflavin, and vitamin C are
  products of fermented microbial

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Bacteria Antibiotic Resistance
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Why Do Bacteria Resist?

• Because they want to survive
• They are fighters
• Some bacteria can change and adapt to their
  surroundings within seconds
• That is why they have survived for billions of
  years

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The Problem with Resistance

• Increased Morbidity/Mortality
• Increased Incidence of Disease
• Increased Duration of Illness
• Increased Cost of Treatment

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How Does Resistance Occur?

• Misuse of antibiotics- the fear of germs from
  people, plants, food, ad in our home
• Anomalous Combinations- drug resistant microbes
• Enhanced transmissions of resistance factors-
  increased efficency with resistance exchenage
  global travel, budget cuts in health care,
  increased number of immuneosuppressed people,
  medicle technologies
• Reservoir Hypothesis- increased pressure by drug
  companies to take more antibiotics, therefore
  creating more and more thresholds to the
  products. Resistant bacteria begin to thrive,
  creating a reserve f antibiotic-reistant
  bacteria.
• http//www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/karda
  r.html

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Where are all these Antibiotics coming from?
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Household Products

• Over 700 antibacterial products are sold to the
  consumer
• Ex. Sweat socks, toothpaste, kitchen plastics,
  cements, paints, cleaning products
• Microbes resist their compounds and have been
  documented in nature
• These products end up in the sewer or landfills

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Antibiotic / Antimicrobial

• Antibiotic Chemical produced by a microorganism
  that kills or inhibits the growth of another
  microorganism
• Antimicrobial Agent Chemical that kills or
  inhibits the growth of microorganisms
• http//microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC438/decker/
  AntibioticRes/Antibiotic20Resistance.pdf

http//microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC438/decker/
AntibioticRes/Antibiotic20Resistance.pdf
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Antimicobial Agents

• Disinfectant antimicrobial agent used only on
  inanimate objects
• Chemotheraputic Agent antimicobial agent that
  can be used internally

http//microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC438/decker/
AntibioticRes/Antibiotic20Resistance.pdf
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Disinfectant

• Pasteurization destruction of all
  disease-producing microorganisms or reduction in
  spoilage microorganisms
• Sterilization killing or removal of all living
  organisms and their viruses

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Sewage

• Disposal of unused or outdated antibiotics are
  flushed down the toilette
• Ingested Antibiotics are not completely absorbed
  by the body and pass through as waste.
• The waste then goes to the water treatment plant.
• The treated water is then pumped into our water
  systems
• How does it effect the natural eco-system?
• Do we drink this
• water?
• http//www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/meade_ca
  llahan.html

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Runoff

• Rivers and lakes are contaminated with urban
  effluent run off.
• What do you use to wash your car?
• Do you use pesticides on your garden?
• Agricultural run off from farms also have a
  greater antibiotic resistant bacterial
  populations. Why?

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Medical Waste

• Discharge from hospitals cause an increase in
  bacterial populations resistant to certain
  antibiotics
• Both treated and untreated medical waste is
  disposed of in the domestic sewage systems
• No other precautions are taken for these more
  denser disposal areas
• Antibiotic sales total 8 billion each year
• 50 million pounds each year, with 25 million
  pounds prescribed to humans

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Where are the other 25 million pounds of
Antibiotics coming from?
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Animal Products

• Antibiotics are often added to animal feeds and
  fishery waters to promote growth
• As humans we are ingesting these antibiotics too
  and it is possible that antibacterial resistance
  is growing in our guts
• There is also a release to open waters from
  aquaculture which contains medicated feed
• There is the potential of release in the future
  from molecular farming
• Bioaccumulation occurs and is stored in women's
  breast milk which is then fed to babies

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Fruits, Vegetables and Grains

• Approx. 300,000 pounds of antibiotics are used on
  plant production each year
• The sprays help with bacterial infections,
  however, there are now resistant bacteria crops
• Most of the antibiotics come off the produce and
  are washed into the soil ending up in the ground
  water

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Assignment

• Microbe News You are the producer of a local news
  program. Design a ten-minute news story to tell
  about the dangers of antibiotics in the
  environment. Include examples of the diversity of
  antibiotics that are entering the environment and
  how they are dispersed. You can present the story
  in class, videotape it, record it, or create a
  Power Point demo, or hand it in as in the form of
  a journal or news paper article.
• Minimum of 500 words
• Each member of the group needs to hand in the
  answers to the questions below. Can work on them
  together or separately but must hand in or e-mail
  different copies
• Should include portions from all three lessons of
  the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (Hand washing
  lesson, storm drain lesson, and Dr. guest speaker
  lesson)
• http//www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/meade_ca
  llahan.html

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Questions refer to the article Microbes What
They Do How Antibiotics Change Themby Maura
Meade-Callahan

• 1. What effect does the use of antibacterial
  agents have on our natural environment?
  Hypothesize how these agents will affect the
  evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• 2. How many products do you know about that are
  manufactured with the help of bacteria? Make a
  point form list.
• 3. What part of the article did you already know
  about? What part of the article was the most
  shocking to you?
• 4. Will the information gathered from the article
  and the three the lessons on the Good, The Bad
  and the Ugly of Antibiotics and Antibiotic
  products change any of your current behaviours?
  How and why?
• 5. Hypothesize what would happen if all bacteria
  in the world were destroyed.
• 6. What do you suggest would be an effective
  message on prescription antibiotic labels that
  would help consumers better understand antibiotic
  use?

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