Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

1
Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature
2
Pre-reading Task The Wreck of the Edmund
Fitzgerald

• Gordon Lightfoot
• Grammy Nominations
• 1968 Best Folk Performance
• 1971 Best Pop Performance Male
• 1977 Best Pop Vocal Performance Male

3
Pre-reading Task The Wreck of the Edmund
Fitzgerald
4
Pre-Reading Task Vocabulary

• legend n.?? gale n.??
• hurricane n.?? hatchway n.??
• cave in ?? capsize v.(?)??
• chime vi.(?)?? freighter n.??
• tattletale n.???, ?????? adj.?????
• slash v./n. ??,?? wire in ?????
• peril n. ?????(imminent danger)
• mansion n.?? steam n.??,??
• mariner n.?? musty adj.???, ????
• maritime adj.??? cathedral n.???

5
Pre-Reading Task
The song is based on a true story of the sinking
of a ship called ______________ that was caught
in a storm on Lake ________ back in _________,
1975, with the loss of all on board.
The Edmund Fitzgerald
Superior
November

• Why did the crew fear the worst would happen to
  them?
• They all knew the dangers of November storms.

6
Great Lakes

7
Pre-Reading Task Brainstorming

• Can you think of other examples of nature showing
  its forces?
• Is nature conquerable? (You can refer to the
  quotations on Page 13.

8
Hurricanes

• One of the most awesome expressions of power that
  nature can create. With sustained wind speeds of
  74 mph or more, they can rip a house from its
  foundation and even wipe out entire cities.
• ?
• But where and how are they created?
• When during the year will they most likely form?
• What can we do if we are caught in one?

9
Tsunami-1

• The word comes from the Japanese tsu (harbor) and
  nami (wave).
• Appropriate naming, as some 80 percent of all
  tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean and Japan has
  suffered many, some coming from as far away as
  South America.
• Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal
  waves, but tides have nothing to do with them
  (though the damage may be worse if a tsunami hits
  at high tide).

10
Tsunami-2

• According to researchers, there is a significant
  rise both in numbers of waves and in death tolls
  over the century. Up until now - the average per
  decade has been 57.
• The increase in tsunamis reported is due to
  improved global communications the high death
  are partly due to increases in coastal
  populations.

11
Tsunamis Tidal Waves Flooding

• Tsunamis are tidal waves formed by
• underwater earthquakes,
• volcanic eruptions
• meteor impacts
• underwater landslides.
• In deep water a tsunami may only be inches - or a
  few feet high. But when it reaches a shoreline
  that energy becomes a wall of water that can be a
  mile high.

12
Frequently Used Words Related to Forces of Nature

• casualty
• death toll
• survivors
• victims
• tsunami warning system
• earthquake monitoring
• international contributions  
• evacuation team  
• smaller tremors  
•  

???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????   ????
  ???,???
13
Frequently Used Words Related to Forces of Nature

• ???,??
• ??
• ??  
• ??  
• ??  
• ??  
• ??  
• ????

tsunami tidal waves epicenter earthquake/temblor
(AmE) aftershock   magnitude (Richter
Scale) tragedy wreckage   natural disaster
14
Text A The Icy Defender

1. Cultural Notes
2. Text Analysis and Language Study
3. Summary Comparison and contrast between
   Napoleons invasion of Russia and Hitlers
   invasion of the Soviet Union
4. Exercises

15
Cultural Notes

• What do you know about Napoleon and his wars
  against other nations?
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Conqueror
• French revolution
• one of the greatest military commanders
  conquering the larger part of Europe
• the battle of Waterloo
• Napoleonic Wars

16

• Napoleon is famed for his military successes.
  Starting as a second lieutenant in the French
  artillery, he rose quickly through the ranks
  until he became First Consul of France. (Later he
  crowned himself Emperor.)

17

• He led his armies to victory after victory, and
  by 1807 he ruled a territory that stretched from
  Portugal to Italy and north to the river Elbe.

18

• But his attempts to conquer the rest of Europe
  failed
• a defeat in Moscow in 1812 nearly destroyed his
  empire, and his 1815 loss to the Duke of
  Wellington at Waterloo finished the job.
• He was sent into exile on the island of St.
  Helena, where he died in 1821.

19
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part One (Paras 1--2)
• Main idea
• IntroductionBoth Napoleons and Hitlers
  military campaigns failed because of the severity
  of the Russian winter

20
(No Transcript)
21
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part One
• devastating (L.5)
• raw (L. 5)
• bleak (L. 5)
• launch (L.7)
• might (L. 8)
• campaign (L.10)

22
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part Two (Paras 3--11)
• Main idea
• Napoleons military campaign against Russia

23
Text Analysis Language Study

• conquest (L. 16)
• be/get bogged down (L. 22)
• engage (L. 24)
• take a gamble (L. 30)
• press on/ahead (L. 30)
• flee (L. 37)
• bide ones time (L. 39)
• quarter (L. 41)
• drag on (L. 50)
• stroke (L. 54)
• limp (56)

Part Two
24
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part Three (Paras 12--20)
• Main idea
• Hitlers military campaign against the Soviet
  Union

25

• Hitler vs. Stalin

26

• The maps of the three plans of Operation
  Barbarossa (see next page)

27

• Marcks Plan
• The initial German proposal for invasion of the
  Soviet Union two army groups and primary strikes
  in the direction of Moscow and Kiev with a
  secondary attack toward Leningrad. The northern
  army group would push southward after reaching
  Moscow, linking up with the southern group at
  Kharkov.

28

• OKH Plan
• The revised German Army High Command proposal
  for an invasion of the Soviet Union. It added
  weight to the attack toward Leningrad and called
  for a separate army group for this purpose. It
  also anticipated further eastward exploitation,
  independently, by the central and southern army
  groups.

29

• Final Plan
• After consultations with Hitler, the final plan
  for Operation Barbarossa called for the diversion
  of forces from the central army group, after the
  capture of Smolensk, to support the northern army
  group in attacking Leningrad and only after
  achieving this would the central army group
  continue operations toward Moscow. The objectives
  of the southern army groups essentially remained
  the same.

30
The Biggest Mistakes of Hitler

• Timing of Barbarossa -- too late for summer
  season
• "Moscow could have been reached faster,
  paralysing the capital and capturing more troops.
  But these were dreams of ambitious commanders who
  were increasingly at odds with each other and had
  long lost any idea how Russia could be defeated
  how the will of the leadership and the nation
  could be broken."

31
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part Three
• catch sb off guard (L. 71) bring to a halt (L.
  91)
• render (L. 73) offensive (L. 92)
• casualty (L. 75) turn the tide
  against (L.102)
• close in (L. 76) reckon (L. 114)
• desperate (L. 78) toll (L. 116)
• siege (L.81)

32
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part Four (Paras 21)
• ConclusionThe elements of nature must be
  reckoned with in any military campaign

33
Text Analysis Language Study

• Part Four
• reckon (L. 114)
• toll (L. 116)

34
Text Organization Comparison and contrast
between Napoleons invasion of Russia and
Hitlers invasion of the Soviet Union
35






Invading country
France
Germany
Country invaded
Russia
Soviet Union
Starter of war
Napoleon
Hitler
Starting time of invasion
Spring, 1812
6/22/1941
The largest land campaign in history
Strength of invading force
600,000
prediction
Blitzkrieg(lighting war), lasting no longer than
3 months
Quick victory, conquest of Russia in 5 weeks
36
Invading country France Germany




Refusing to stand and fight retreating
eastwards, burning crops and homes
Initial resistance strategy
scorch the earth, fierce fight to defend major
cities
Capture of the Russian capital
yes
no
Major battles
Smolensk, Borodino, the Berezina River
Leningrad, Stalingrad
no
By Napoleon, rejected by the Czar
Truce offer
37
Invading country France Germany




Heavy rain, general mud, snow, freezing
temperature
Biggest enemy for the invading force
Snow, freezing temperature
1943, when the Soviet troops pushed the German
forces back
Turning point
October 1812, when Napoleon ordered a retreat
Only 100,000 survived
Fate of the invading force
Heavy losses
Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his
empire at an end
Hitler committed suicide, his empire collapsing
War-starters fate
38
devastating (L.5)

• 1) completely destructive
• devastating storm/tsunami/war/hurricane
• 2) very good able to obtain the desired result
  (infml)
• You look devastating tonight, my dear.
• His jokes were completely devastating. (very
  funny).
• Devastate vt.
• to destroy completely make impossible to live
  in
• towns and villages devastated by a long war

39
raw (L. 5)

• (of weather) cold and wet
• a winter day
• (of food) not cooked
• vegetables
• in the natural state not yet treated for use
• silk/ cotton
• 4. (of a person) not yet trained not experienced
• a lad/ recruit/ youth
• to the work.
• 5. My sarcasm seemed to have touched him on the
  .
• touch/catch/get/rub/sting sb on the
• to hurt (someones) feelings by mentioning a
  subject on which he is sensitive (??????)

40
bleak (L. 5)

• (of weather) cold and cheerless
• and unpleasant weather
• (of places) without shelter from cold winds
• a hillside struck by the full force of
  the east wind
• (of future events) cold cheerless uninviting
  discouraging
• The future of this firm will be very
  indeed if we keep losing money.

41
Launch (L. 7)

• v. start send (sth) on its course
• a satellite / rocket
• oneself into work (on a teaching career)
• a new business/an enterprise
• The UN was ed in 1945 with 51 member countries.
• a new journal/an investigation
• a strike/ an attack
• n.
• The of the new campaign/movie

42
might (L. 8)

• n. power strength force
• The army fought bravely, but it was crushed by
  the of its powerful enemy.
• He tried with all his to move the heavy rock
  from the road.
• military /the of RAF (Royal Air Force)
• a man of /beyond ones
• with/by (all ones) might and main (????)
• mighty adj. having great power or strength very
  great
• a mighty blow/king
• A pen is mightier than a sword.

43
mow down (L. 9)

• to kill, destroy, or knock down, esp. in great
  numbers
• The soldiers were mown down by fire from the
  enemys guns.

44
campaign (L.10)

• n. a connected set of military actions with a
  particular purpose
• The to seize Moscow was a complete
  failure.
• n. a connected set of actions intended to obtain
  a particular result in politics or business
• The Leader of the Oppositions is on in
  Scotland.
• The is to promote the product in the
  college student market.
• v. to lead, take part in, or go on a campaign
• Joan is ing for equal rights for women.

45
conquest (L. 16)

• n.
• the act of conquering
• The year 2003 witnessed the of Iraq by the
  USA.
• something conquered, esp. land gained in war
• British s in Asia
• a person whose favor or love has been won
• Hes one of pretty Janes many s.
• John seems to have made a real conquest of
  Janet. Theyre always together.
• make a conquest (of)
• to win the love or favor of (someone)

46
be/get bogged down (L. 22)

• bog down
• to (cause to) sink (as if) into a BOG be unable
  to make progress
• The car (got) bogged down in the mud.
• We were bogged down with a lot of work.
• be bogged down in/ by difficulties
• The talks with the men (got) bogged sown on
  the questions of working hours.
• Industrial production has bogged down

47
engage (L. 24)

• v. attack begin fighting with sb.
• They d the enemy (in the battle).
• a new secretary
• Ive d a room in the hotel.
• He d (himself) to pay back the money.
• She s everyone with her pretty girlish ways.
• The old lady d herself in making clothes for her
  neighbors children.
• I will engage for Johns good behavior should you
  decide to employ him.
• Can you believe a 9 year-old-boy is engaging in
  presidential election?

48
take a gamble (L. 30)

• take a risk
• He took a gamble on a legacy of a thousand
  pounds and used it to start a factory.
• Laid off, she took a gamble investing all her
  money in stocks.
• He gambled his savings to start a small store.
• Ill gamble my life on his honesty.

49
take a gamble (L. 30)

• gamble at cards
• gamble on the result of a race
• gamble in stocks/ on the stock exchange
• gamble with ones life
• I wouldnt gamble on Janes footing the bill, if
  I were you.
• Hes gambled away all his money, and now has
  nothing left.

50
press on/ahead/ forward (with sth.) (L. 30)

• continue doing sth. in a determined way advance
  with courage or without delay
• Lets press on with our work.
• The new president of our university seems to be
  keen to press on with educational reform.
• Though faced with great difficulties, he is
  determined to press on.

51
press on/ahead/ forward (with sth.) (L. 30)

• He was so determined to win the game that he
  pressed too hard and made some silly mistakes.
• He pressed his way through the crowd.
• So many people pressed round the famous actress
  that she couldnt get to her car.
• Pressing business matters prevented him from
  taking a holiday.
• My friends gave me a pressing invitation. They
  were so pressing that I couldnt refuse them.

52
flee (fled) (L. 37)

• to escape (from) by hurrying away
• They all fled (from) the burning ship.
• The enemy troops fled in utter confusion.
• He fled the kidnappers and phoned the police.
• flee starvation
• flee for neutral ports
• flee to Europe
• flee from responsibility
• Mists fled before the rising sun.
• flee ones country into exile

53
bide ones time (L. 39)

• wait usually for a long time, until the right
  moment wait patiently for a chance
• He seems to be doing nothing, but really hes
  just biding his time.
• He bided his time until Harvard University
  offered him a professorship.

54
quarter (L. 41)

• provide lodgings for (esp. soldiers)
• That night, together with a high official, I was
  ed with a peasant.
• He ed his men on the inhabitants.
• The were ed throughout the war in Smiths hotel.

55
drag on (L. 50)

• move slowly and with effort continue endlessly
  and tediously
• Time flies in holidays, but when school begins
  the days .
• The meeting just seems to drag on and on.
• He dragged out his words as if he had all day to
  say a sentence.
• He dragged out the meeting with long speeches.
• He dragged out an unhappy existence in prison for
  many years.

56
stroke (L. 54)

• any of a series of repeated movements
• single successful or effective action or
  occurrence
• blow
• an unexpected piece (of luck)
• She cant swim yet but has made a few s with
  her arms.
• With a of its wings the birds flew away.
• She drew his face with a few s.
• Hes really competent, solving all the problems
  at a .
• That was his first of good fortune.
• by some of fate/have a of good (bad) luck

57
stroke (L. 54)

• At the twelfth , we welcomed the new year
• He arrived on the of 12.
• He had a and was unable to walk for the rest of
  his life,
• be killed by a of lightning
• A backhand in tennis (????)
• The minimum wage would be raised by 20 at a .
• With a of the presidents pen, I was out of
  college.

58
limp (L. 56)

• walk with an uneven step, one foot or leg moving
  less well than the other
• When getting off the bus, I slipped and hurt my
  ankle and had to .
• He walks with a .
• The heat was too much for her she went and
  fell to the ground.
• Cf. stagger
• have trouble standing or walking move
  unsteadily on ones feet
• I was so tired I could hardly stagger to my feet.

59
catch sb. off guard (L. 71)

• take sb by surprise
• His proposal at the subway station caught her off
  guard and she was at a loss, too embarrassed to
  say anything.
• Eisenhowers troops were caught off guard and
  badly defeated by Rommel in the first days of the
  fighting in February 1943.
• on/ off ones guard
• Be on your guard against thieves.
• guard against
• You must wash your hands when preparing food to
  guard against spreading infection.

60
render (L. 73)

• cause to be (same as make)
• His fatness s him unable to see his toes.
• Millions of people were ed homeless and
  destitute by the recent tsunami.
• to give (esp. help/advice)
• You have ed me a service.
• aid/ assistance
• She needed him to hear her out and advice.

61
casualty (L. 75)

• a person who is killed or injured in war or in an
  accident
• There were more than 100 casualties in the
  train crash.
• The first reports of the tsunami told of more
  than one 100,000 casualties but the precise
  number is not known.
• casual
• a person employed for a short period of time
• Johns a casual, he cant find a proper job
  anywhere.

62
close in (on/upon) (L. 76)

• to surround gradually and usu. from all sides
• The people ran away when the enemy army began to
  close in.
• Night is closing in.
• to have fewer hours of daylight
• The days are beginning to close in now that its
  autumn.

63
desperate (L. 78)

• (of a state of affairs) very difficult and
  dangerous
• Our country was once in a state due to the
  wrong policy of Great Leap.
• (of a person) ready for any wild act because of
  loss of hope
• a criminal
• He was for work to provide food for his
  children.
• (of an action) wild or dangerous done as a last
  attempt
• a last effort to win

64
siege (L.81)

• an operation by an army surrounding a defended
  place to force it to yield, by repeated attacks,
  blocking of its supplies, etc.
• warfare (???)
• be in/ under a state of (??????)
• stand/ withstand a (????)
• lift a state of (??????)
• The terrorists gave themselves up after a
  24-hour
• lay to (??)
• raise a

65
bring to a halt (L. 91)

• stop completely
• We were brought to a halt by a storm.
• bring a halt to the nuclear arms race
• come to a halt
• The car came to a halt just in time to prevent
  an accident.
• Cf. come to the aid (L.11)
• go into exile (L. 61)

66
offensive (L. 92)

• N. a continued attack, usu. with large military
  forces
• launch an all-out against the enemy
• a propaganda against the government
• take the offensive begin to attack
• Adj. causing offence unpleasant
• remarks/ advertisements to women
• a sight to to look at
• Cf. defensive

67
turn the tide (L.102)

• change what looks like defeat into victory (over)
• The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of
  war.
• swim/ go with/against the tide
• to act in accordance with/ opposition to a
  general current of thought, custom, or what most
  other people are doing

68
reckon (L. 114)

• to consider regard
• Yao ming is ed (to be) the number one center in
  NBA.
• The foundation of P.R. China is ed from Oct.
  1st 1949.
• be ed with
• George W. Bush is surely the one who has to be
  ed with when people are trying to maintain world
  peace.

69
reckon (L. 114)

• reckon in
• Have you ed the cost of the postage in the
  total.
• Have you ed in the cost of postage?
• reckon with
• If you hit the child again youll have me to
  with.
• reckon without
• When he decided to go he ed without Mary, who
  refused to let him.
• reckon on
• You can always on me (to help you).
• Were ing on a large profit/ being half an hour
  late.
• You cant on seeing him.

70
toll (L. 116)

• the number of people or animals killed or injured
  in particular circumstances
• money paid for the use of a bridge or road
• The death and injury in the tsunami is on the
  rise.
• The village is allowed to charge s for the use
  of the bridge.
• cause damage, injuries or deaths (often followed
  by of/on)
• The flood took a of 2 million lives.
• His hard work has taken its on his health.

71
bide ones time (L. 39)

• wait usually for a long time, until the right
  moment wait patiently for a chance
• He seems to be doing nothing, but really hes
  just biding his time.
• He bided his time until Harvard University
  offered him a professorship.

72
Exercises for Unit 1

• I. Directions For each of the following
  sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C
  and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes
  the sentence.
• 1. The battle of Waterloo was ________ to
  Napoleon because he was totally defeated and was
  not able to build up his armies again.
• A. clashing B. striking
• C. devastating D. assaulting

C
73
A

• 2. Despite his ____ literary style, this young
  man earned the acknowledgement of professional
  critics.
• A. raw B. fierce
• C. bleak D. offensive
• 3. It might be another _____ year for this
  company if it fails to come up with any effective
  reform policies.
• A. limp B. bleak
• C. offensive D. devastating
• 4. McDonalds is about to ______ a new
  advertising campaign to promote its new
  hamburger.
• A. stretch B. hunch
• C. render D. launch

B
D
74
C

• 5. The United States military showed the world
  its _____ when it completed its war with Iraq in
  just two months.
• A. empire B. conquest
• C. might D. alliance
• 6. The National SAFE KIDS Foundation/Association
  ______ for fire safety, car safety and home
  safety to both adults and children.
• A. reckons B. renders
• C. campaigns D. launch
• 7. The Spanish ______ of South America was both
  long and deadly.
• A. conquest B. stroke
• C. exile D. casualty

C
A
75
A

• 8. _____ in Iraq, the United States has turned to
  the United Nations for help, embraced diplomacy
  with North Korea and only reluctantly sent small
  numbers of US troops to help a West African
  peacekeeping mission in Liberia.
• A. Bogged down B. Reckoned with
• C. Engaged with D. caught off
• 9. He had to _____ himself in his writing these
  days as the deadline was one week earlier than he
  thought
• A. engage B. render
• C. reckon D. devastate
• 10. He ___________ and invested his money in the
  volatile US stock exchange rather than buying
  stable US treasury bonds.
• A. took a toll B. pressed ahead
• C. took a gamble D. got bogged down

A
C
76
A

• 11.Slowed by sickness and starvation, the army
  _______ toward the battle front.
• A. pressed on B. took a gamble
• C. reckoned with D. took a toll
• 12.During World War Two, lots of Jews ____ for
  neutral ports in order to avoid persecution by
  the Nazis.
• A. launched B. engaged
• C. bogged D. fled
• 13.Dont jump at the first opportunity. Its
  better to ___ your time and wait for a better
  offer.
• A. bide B. retreat
• C. bog D. siege

D
A
77

• 14.Stuck by the snow storm, the captain had to
  suspend the march and ______ his men with the
  villagers.
• A. feed B. quarter
• C. tatter D. abdicate
• 15.This seminar seems to be _______ on and on and
  it just wont end.
• A. pressing B. fleeing
• C. rendering D. dragging
• 16.With one _______ of the visa officers pen, my
  application to America was rejected.
• A. stroke B. stretch
• C. toll D. casualty

B
D
A
78
A

• 17.I have to walk with a ____ because I hurt my
  ankle in training yesterday.
• A. limp B. tactic
• C. stroke D. exile
• 18.Some people are still wondering why and how
  the United States of America was ________ guard
  by the terrorist attack of Sept. 11.
• A. bogged down B. pressed on
• C. caught off D. reckoned with
• 19. The chairman was forced to bring the meeting
  to a ____ because there was too much arguing in
  the room.
• A. border B. stroke
• C. tide D. halt

C
D
79

• 20. There are many Chinese idioms that cannot be
  _______ into English.
• A. reckoned B. bided
• C. launched D. rendered
• 21. You had better throw away the fish - What an
  _______ smell!
• A. devastating B. swollen
• C. tattered D. offensive
• 22. Napoleons army suffered heavy ________ in
  the battle of Russia.
• A. tactics B. severity
• C. casualties D. alliances

D
D
C
80

• 23. The United States government is committed to
  turning the _____ against malaria, which claims
  the life of an African child every 30 seconds.
• A. bide B. counterattack
• C. tide D. conquest
• 24. Darkness is ________ in on us. Weve never
  felt so helpless and desperate.
• A. retreating B. pressing
• C. taking D. closing
• 25. With no food, the hikers, who lost their way
  in the desert, were driven to _________.
• A. desperation B. declaration
• C. severity D. casualty

C
D
A
81
A

• 26. Before the _____ ended, the citizens were
  almost starving.
• A. siege B. stroke
• C. tide D. conquest
• 27. Though the president is an idiot, he is in
  command of the most powerful military on earth
  and is therefore someone to be ________ with.
• A. devastated B. reckoned
• C. scorched D. rendered
• 28. The war took a heavy ______ of the nations
  population.
• A.occupation B. alliance
• C. toll D. invasion

B
C
82

• II. Directions Please fill in the blanks with
  the words or phrases from Text A
• As the manager of the company, you should not
  ______ ______ your responsibility in the
  affair.
• 2. The girls attention was __________ by the
  display of the new shoes in the shop windows and
  has no time to __________ in our talk.
• 3. The talk between the two countries was
  _________ _________ in political and economic
  issues because of the great difference.

retreat from
engaged
engage
bogged down
83
take a gamble

• We are unwilling to _____ _____ _____ opening a
  restaurant in this part of the city.
• It is believed that illegal search is
  a(n)___________of peoples civil rights.
• The criminal who was still drinking in a pub was
  _____ _____ _____ when the policemen rushed in
  and arrested him.

invasion
caught off guard
84
drag on

1. Time seems to ______ ______ when you have nothing
   to do.
2. Tom always daydreams that he could make a
   fortune_____ ______ ______.
3. The old engineer ___________ the young workers
   not only in words , but also by deeds.

at a stroke
instructed
85

• The war between the two countries produced many
  __________ in both sides.
• In order to finish the task in time, we have to
  _____ _____ in the face of difficulties.
• It is _____ today. Put on your scarf and gloves
  before you go out.

casualties
press on
raw
86

• III. Translation
• ?????????, ?????????????????.
• The carelessness of the driver is the main cause
  in the case of this traffic accident.
• ?????????????????????.
• It is finally realized how foolish it is to
  develop our economy at the cost of environment.

87

• 3. ??????,?????????.
• The project was brought to a halt because of its
  poor quality.
• 4. ????????????, ???????????????.
• Because of (thanks to) his heroic deeds in the
  war, he was reckoned as one of the bravest
  soldiers.
• ????????,??????,?????????.
• The factors such as time, weather and funds must
  be reckoned with when we deal with these
  problems.