John Bunyan

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John Bunyan The Prlgrim's Progress
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• Bunyans life
• The neoclassical Period in English Literature
• The Pilgrims progress
• Vanity Fair

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Bunyans Life
(28 November 1628 31 August 1688)

• Bunyan was born in 1628 near Bedford, in the
  agricultural midlands of England. He came from
  the working class and understood poverty early in
  life. He was the son of a tinker (a maker and
  mender of metal pots). He had little schooling.
  His early life included a good deal of
  degradation(??) as well as a stint in the army.

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Bedford

• Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, in
  the East of England. It is a large town and the
  administrative centre for the wider Borough of
  Bedford. According to Bedfordshire County
  Council's estimates, the town had a population of
  79,190 in mid 2005, with 19,720 later. The wider
  borough, including a rural area, had a population
  of 153,000.

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Bunyans Life

• During the English Civil War, he served in the
  Parliamentary Army. He underwent a period of
  spiritual anxiety, and finally found peace in a
  Baptist congregation. He became a lay
  preacher(???????), while earning his living as a
  tinker. After the Restoration(??????) in 1660,
  Bunyan (under suspicion for having fought on the
  anti-Anglican side) was ordered to preach no
  more, and, since he refused to desist(??), he was
  several times sentenced to jail, where he spent
  his time studying, preaching to his fellow
  prisoners, and writing.

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Life in jail
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Bunyans Life

• Bunyans willingness and drive to preach the
  gospel(??) everywhere got him into trouble. By
  1660, Anglican royalists(?????) had stepped up
  their attacks on non-conformist preachers. It
  became illegal to preach in non-sanctioned
  places. So on Nov 12, 1660, John Bunyan was
  arrested for preaching in a field near a
  farmhouse. Upon his arrest, Bunyan was informed
  that if he would apologize to the
  magistrates(????) and refrain(??) from preaching,
  he would be released. Bunyan replied that such a
  promise was not possible and thus began a twelve
  year imprisonment.

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Bunyans Life

• During those 12 years of imprisonment, Bunyan
  wrote Grace Abounding?????, Confessions of
  Faith?????, and A Defense of the Doctrine of
  Justification by Faith. It was in the last part
  of his imprisonment that Bunyan began to
  formulate his greatest work, Pilgrim's Progress.

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Bunyans Life

• Finally, King Charles II released most religious
  prisoners including John Bunyan. Bunyan emerged a
  leader among non-conformist and the pastor(??) of
  the church at Bedford. He wouldn't have long to
  spend with his wife and seven children, however.
  On Feb 1675, Charles II changed his mind and
  Bunyan along with others was arrested again, in
  Bedford Jail. This time more legally minded
  friends accomplished the release of Bunyan after
  a short time. On leaving prison this second time,
  Bunyan released for publication part one of his
  monumental The Pilgrims Progress in 1678.

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• 1678 Over two imprisonments Bunyan would author
  one of the greatest allegorical masterpieces ever
  written
• The Pilgrims Progress
• which he composed while in prison

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Bedford Jail

• The Bedford Jail was like all English jails of
  the day, a stink(??) hole, filthy(??), no
  sanitation, little water or food, little warmth
  in the winter

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He wrote

• The parting with my Wife and poor children hath
  often been to me in this place as the pulling of
  the flesh from my Bones
• O the thoughts of the hardship I thought my
  Blind one might go under, would break my poor
  heart to pieces.
• O, I saw in this condition I was as a man who
  was pulling down his house upon the head of his
  Wife and Children.

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Bunyans Life

• By the time of Bunyans death in 1688, eleven
  editions of The Pilgrims Progress had been
  published with over 100,000 copies in print. He
  left a legacy(??) of many other great books and
  poems. None of these, however, are his greatest
  legacy to us. Bunyans greatest gift to the
  church was his demonstration(??) that the
  Doctrines(??) of Grace are not static or cold.
  The gospel(?? ??) is Christ! Grace is how God
  brings us to Christ. Above all Bunyan loved
  Christ. He preached Christ and exalted Christ.
• He lived in a phase of neoclassical period.

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Live like the children of God, that you may look
your Father in the face with the comfort of
another day.
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Bunhill Fields
Bunhill Fields is a cemetery located in the
United Kingdom, in the London Borough of
Islington, north of the City of London, and
managed by the City of London Corporation. It is
about 4-acre (0.02 km2) in extent although
historically was much larger. It was used as a
burial site for Nonconformists from the late
seventeenth century to the middle of the
nineteenth century and contains the graves of
many notable people.
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The Neoclassical Period(17th18th
century,16601798)
?.Definitions of literary terms ?Epigram
????,?? It is a short ,witty statement in verse
or prose which may be complimentary ,satiric or
aphoristic(????). ?Satire A king
of writing that holds up to ridicule or
contempt the weakness and wrongdoings .
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?Allegory ?? A story that is told to explain or
teach something, especially a long and
complicated story with an underlying meaning
different from the surface meaning of the story
itself. ?mock-epic ???????? It is a work in verse
which employs the lofty manner, the high and
serious tone to treat a trivial subject and theme
to make both of it ridiculous.
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?Sentimentalism ???? It is a pejorative(???)
term to describe false or superficial emotion,
amused feeling self-regarding postures of grief
and pain. ? Tone It suggests the authors
attitude angry ,ironic, humorous-towards his
material. Author influence us through tone.
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?.Background of Neoclassical Period
?Historical and culture background (1) The
English society of the neoclassical period was a
turbulent one. There was constant strife between
the monarch and the parliament, between the
Tories and the Whigs over the control of the
parliament and government, between opposing
religious sects, etc. In short , it was an age
full of conflicts and divergence of values.
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(2) The eighteenth century saw the first
development of Britain as a nation. Towards the
middle of the century, Britain had become the
first powerful capitalist country in the world .
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(3) With the development of capitalism, the
social and moral values of the middle-class
people became dominant in the society. They
believed in self-restraint , self-reliance and
hard work.
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(4) The Enlightenment Movement was in full swing
in England during this period. The purpose of the
movement was to enlighten the whole world with
the light of modern philosophical and artistic
ideas.
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?Features of the neoclassical literature

1. The neoclassical literature took the ancient
   Greek and Roman classical woks as the literary
   model.
2. In style, the neoclassical literature was polite,
   urbane, witty, and intellectual .
3. Literature at the time was heavily
   didactic(????) and moralizing and became a very
   popular means of public education.

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(4)Poetry(including such popular forms as mock
epic, romance, satire and epigram) was elegant in
structure and diction and was noted for its
seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant
didacticism.
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JOHN BUNYANA major writer of the period
His points of view Like most working men at
the time, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the
corrupted hypocritical rich who accumulated their
wealth by hook and by crook. As a stout
puritan, he had made a conscientious study of
the Bible and firmly believed in salvation
through spiritual struggle.
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His artistic features Bunyans style was
modeled after that of the English Bible. With his
concrete and living language and carefully
observed and vividly presented details, he made
it possible for the reader of the least education
to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to
relive the experience of his characters.
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His works

• A Few Sighs from Hell, or the Groans of a Damned
  Soul, 1658
• A Discourse Upon the Pharisee and the Publican,
  1685
• A Holy Life
• Christ a Complete Savior (The Intercession of
  Christ And Who Are Privileged in It), 1692
• Come and Welcome to Jesus Christ, 1678
• Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 1666
• Light for Them that Sit in Darkness
• Praying with the Spirit and with Understanding
  too, 1663
• Of Antichrist and His Ruin, 1692
• Reprobation Asserted, 1674

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• Saved by Grace, 1675
• Seasonal Counsel or Suffering Saints in the
  Furnace - Advice to Persecuted Christians in
  Their Trials Tribulations, 1684
• Some Gospel Truths Opened, 1656
• The Acceptable Sacrifice
• The Desire of the Righteous Granted
• The Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded, 1659
• The Doom and Downfall of the Fruitless Professor
  (Or The Barren Fig Tree), 1682
• The End of the World, The Resurrection of the
  Dead and Eternal Judgment, 1665
• The Fear of God - What it is, and what is it is
  not, 1679
• The Greatness of the Soul and Unspeakableness of
  its Loss Thereof, 1683

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• The Heavenly Footman, 1698
• The Holy City or the New Jerusalem, 1665
• The Holy War - The Losing and Taking Again of the
  Town of Man-soul (The Holy War Made by Shaddai
  upon Diabolus, for the Regaining of the World),
  1682
• The Life and Death of Mr Badman, 1680
• The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That
  Which Is to Come, 1678
• The Strait Gate, Great Difficulty of Going to
  Heaven, 1676
• The Saint's Knowledge of Christ's Love, or The
  Unsearchable Riches of Christ, 1692
• The Water of Life or The Richness and Glory of
  the Gospel, 1688
• The Work of Jesus Christ as an Advocate, 1688

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Historical background

• The Church of England
• Dissenters and Puritans

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The Church of England

• In the 16th century, Henry VIII broke with
  the Roman Catholic Church
• Set up his own church, the Church of England
• Mandated that all English citizens belong to
  his church, pay him titles, and worship only in
  that church.

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Church of England
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Dissenters and Puritans

• Definition
• people who refused to accept the doctrines and
  dissented from the Church of England are called
  Dissenters or Nonconformists.

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• How did dissenters turn up?
• dissatisfied with Henry VIII and his successors
• called for a restoration of purity in the church.
  
• found that the present church was not in
  accordance with the Scripture.
• a need was felt to restore this old faith.
• used the Scriptures against the Church of England
• when the Church of England fell short of this
  ideal, the Puritans cried for a change.

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• The Pilgrims Progress
• is born out of this Puritans zeal.
• Bunyan, in belonging to a nonconformist church,
  was a member of the Puritan elite. He spent
  twelve years in prison for refusing to recognize
  the Church of England as his official religion.
• The later puritan ministers, like Bunyan, devoted
  their energies to teaching the essentials of
  Christianity.

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• The Puritans advocated and practiced the plain
  style, which contrasted strongly with the elegant
  metaphysical style of the humanists. Many
  absorbed the Puritan message in their own homes.
• Bunyan, in The Pilgrims progress, embraces
  simple language and straightforward allegory to
  teach the essentials of salvation.
• There is nothing sophisticated about the
  allegory the very names of the characters
  epitomize their lifestyles.

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The allegory genre(???)

• The Pilgrims Progress is a specific type
  literature known as religious allegory.
• Allegory is a form of writing that presents
  images and ideas through symbolism.
• Allegories are written in the form of fables,
  parables, poems, stories, and almost any other
  style or genre.
• The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a
  story that has characters, a setting, as well as
  other types of symbols, so it often has both
  literal and figurative meanings.

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• Formal allegory in the literary sense includes
  works like
• Spenser----The Faerie Queene (??)
• Bunyan----Pilgrims Progress (????)
• Orwell----Animal Farm (????)
• In The Pilgrims Progress, theology is presented
  in simple terms as a man travels toward heaven.
• In the process of making Christian and others
  stand for certain ideas and ideals, Bunyan has
  stripped away particularities and instead painted
  broad portraits of relatively flat characters.

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The Pilgrims Progress
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The Pilgrims Progress is the most famous
masterpiece of John Bunyan. And it is regarded
as one of the most significant works of English
literature.
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Outline of the story

• Both parts of the work are built on the
  premise(??) that the author has had a dream that
  he is now relating.
• In Part I, the dream is of a man named Christian
  who lives in the City of Destruction. Christian
  carries a great burden on his back.
  Evangelist(?????) advises Christian to seek his
  salvation in God, telling him that if he journeys
  to the Celestial City, he will know a glory
  greater than any he has ever had.

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Analyse
The title means "life is a journey". It's a
metaphor, concerning moral, religious, or
political ideas.
Main character in the story ,Christian,
representing faith and hope.
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Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's
Progress

• Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine(??)

2. To seek salvation(????????) through exposing
of his own weakness and social evils
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It is divided into two parts, each reading as a
continuous narrative with no chapter divisions.
Early Bunyan scholars believed The Pilgrims
Progress was begun in Bunyans second shorter
imprisonment for six months in 1675,but more
recent scholars believe that it was begun during
Bunyans initial, more lengthy imprisonment from
1660-1672 right after he had written his
spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the
Chief of Sinners(?????).
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Major themes

• As a religious allegory, The Pilgrims Progress
  expresses a major theme relating to spiritual
  salvation for mankind. After all, it is born out
  of John Bunyans puritanical zeal to reform the
  souls of so-called Christians and to teach, as
  simply as possible, the true tenets of the
  Christian faith.
• As such, it is structured around a mans journey
  from earth (the City of Destruction ) to heaven (
  the Celestial City )

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Style Features
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Style Features

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Style Features

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Influence

• It is generally believed that The Pilgrims
  Progress is written when Bunyan was the second
  time in jail. The history of that book is
  remarkable.
• The Pilgrims Progress was published in February
  1678. Soon the irresistible charm of a book soon
  captured numerous readers.

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• Especially in puritanical circles, from which
  plays and novels were strictly excluded, that
  effect was such as no work of genius can ever
  produce on a mind accustomed to indulge in
  literary luxury.
• Ten editions of the book had been published in
  the following years and it had been translated
  into numerous languages.

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The Pilgrims Progress is known as the
encyclopedia (????) which has eternal
significance " and a landmark in the history of
English literature. The Pilgrim s Progress
,altogether with Divine Comedy (????) and The
Confessions of St. Augustine (???????) are
regarded as the most influential religious books
in the Christian tradition.
54
As an important masterpiece of English
literature, The Pilgrim's Progress has been an
important breakthrough in nation, race, religion
and culture during 300 years. It is regarded as
the guide of life to pursue and the guide of
mentality s progress. In addition to the
Bible, The Pilgrims Progress has been the most
popular book in the whole world and there has
been more than 200 versions around the world.
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Christian Sets out for the Celestial City
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Christian Sets out for the Celestial City
It tells about a dream. In the dream,the
author sees a man called Christian, carrying a
burden(worldly troubles and worries) on his
back. He is reading the book (the Bible)in his
hand and learns that the city in which he lives,
the City of Destruction(this world), will be
ruined by a fire. Evangelist (???)advises him to
flee away from his hometown. Having failed to
persuade his families to flee with him, Christian
sets off for the Celestial City(Heaven). After
many snares(??,??,??) and obstacles, having
experienced many narrow escapes and numerous
tests of his piety(??), he finally arrives the
Celestial City.
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City of Destruction

• Christian's home, representative of the world.
• John Bunyan allegorizes the walk of a Christian
  from conversion to death(????).

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Slough of Despond

• the miry swamp(?????) on the way to the Wicket
  Gate one of the hazards( ??)of the journey to
  the Celestial City.
• In the First Part, Christian falling into it,
  sinks further under the weight of his sins (his
  burden) and his sense of their guilt.

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Hill Difficulty

• Both the hill and the road up is called
  Difficulty it is flanked(???) by two
  treacherous(?????) byways(??) "Danger" and
  "Destruction."
• There are three choices CHRISTIAN takes
  Difficulty (the right way), and
  Formalist(?????) and Hypocrisy(???) take the two
  other ways, which prove to be fatal dead ends.

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Vanity Fair

• a city through which the King's Highway passes
  and the yearlong fair that is held there.
• houses, places, honors, titles, countries,
  kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all
  sorts as harlots(??), wives, husbands, children,
  masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls,
  silver, precious stones and what not.

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The River of Death

• Its a dreadful(???) river that surrounds
  Mount Zion, deeper or shallower depending on
• the faith of the one
• traversing(??)
• it.

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The Celestial City

• the "Desired Country" of pilgrims, heaven, the
  dwelling place of the "Lord of the Hill", God.
• It is situated on Mount Zion.

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The Celestial City

• Here we are, right at the gate of the Celestial
  City. Don't forget to breathe . . .it's just as
  awesome as the Bible says.
• In John 14, Jesus said, "In my Father's house
  are many mansions. I go to prepare a place for
  you, and where I go ye cannot come. And if I go,
  I will come again and receive you unto myself
  that where I am you may be also."????,????,???????
  ??,????????

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What is our Celestial City?

• Pain is what we have already got.
• We want to approach happiness no matter where we
  are, what belief we claim to have.
• Whats the most important thing?

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• FAITH

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Its Not Easy to Have Faith

• a balance between happiness and pain.
• sacrifice

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In films and television

• Director Todd Fietkau is making a version of
  Pilgrim's Progress, scheduled to be released in
  2009.

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In films and television

• A children's animation series titled The
  Pilgrim's Progress is set to be produced by Cliff
  McDowell, scheduled to be released in 2010.

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Just For Fun

• ????
• Vs.
• ???

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Comparison

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  Hayes)???,????the Buddhist Pilgrims Progress
  the Record of the Journey to the Western
  Paradise,????????????????????????????????????????
  ,??????????

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Contrast

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Contrast

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Contrast

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77
Vanity Fair

• BY John Bunyan

an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress
78
Vanity Fair
A Novel without a Hero is a novel by William
Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1847-48,
satirizing society in early 19th-century Britain.
The book's title comes from John Bunyan's
allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, first
published in 1678 and still widely read at the
time of Thackeray's novel. Vanity fair refers to
a stop along the pilgrim's progress a
never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity,
which is meant to represent man's sinful
attachment to worldly things. The novel is now
considered a classic, and has inspired several
film adaptations
79
General Idea

• "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The
  Pilgrim's Progress.
• It tells how Christian his friend Faithful come
  to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven. (a fair
  where in should be sold all sorts of vanity
  that it should last all the year long)
• Therefore at this fair all such merchandise
  sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors,
  preferment, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts,
  pleasures and delights of all sorts as harlots,
  wives, husbands, children, masters, servants,
  lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold,
  pearls, precious stones and what not.

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• Moreover, at this fair there are at all times to
  be seen juggling, cheats, games, plays, fools,
  apes, knaves(??), and rogues(??, ??), and that of
  every kind.
• As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they
  are beaten and put in a cage.
• They are sentenced to the cruelest death that can
  be invented.

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Christian and Faithful enter Vanity Fair
82
Vanity Fair
83
Christian and Faithful taken captive
84
Caged Faithful and Christian
85
Faithfuls rebuttal(??)
86
Faithful is martyred(??)
87
Faithful translated to the Celestial City
88
The Origin and Nature of Vanity Fair

• The historical basis of Vanity Fair was the
  lavish annual fair at Sturbridge near Cambridge,
  a neighborhood that Bunyan was familiar with.
• This fair was a vast emporium of commerce that
  included European representation and the
  spoils(???) of the voyages of Drake and Raleigh.

89
Introduction

• The pilgrims now face a seeming paradox, that is
  their arrival at a place which is, by and large,
  identical to that which they departed from.
• a. They progress from a personal to a public
  wilderness.
• b. They progress from worldly ambassadors to the
  world as a whole.

90
The Reaction of Vanity Fair to these
Transient(???) Aliens

• By observation and analysis.
• a. They notice their unusual clothing.
• b. They notice their uncommon speech.
• c. They notice their intentional disinterest.
• By antagonism(??) and assault.
• a. The invitation to buy is solemnly rejected.
• b. The resulting confusion brings a preliminary
  examination.

91
Its history and purpose

• Vanity Fair is the city of Destruction in its,
  gala dress, in its most seductive(???) sensual
  allurements. It is this world in miniature, with
  its various temptations. It is Satans theme
  park and world of carnal dreams.
• a. Vanity and the fair that it promotes.
• b. Vanity Fair and its infernal(???) design.

92
Its international and cultural representation

• " Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English
  society, law religion in Bunyan's day.
• This is truly a world fair with cultural
  diversity and unity of purpose.
• a. There are many distinctive national displays
• b. There is the overwhelming display of Rome

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Thank you!
Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher vanity of
vanities, all is vanity. Bible ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ?