Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to convert H20

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• Plants and some other types of organisms are able
  to use light energy from the sun to convert H20
  CO2
• into glucose.
• 2. Organisms such as plants, algae some
  bacteria which make their own food from light
  energy, are called autotrophs.

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Autotrophs
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Photosynthesis occurs within the chloroplasts of
plant cells. The green pigment that captures the
suns energy is chlorophyll.
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What is the equation for the chemical reaction of
photosynthesis?
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• Photosynthesis Equation
• Plants take in inorganic compounds
• (water, carbon dioxide)
• 2.In the presence of light energy they will
  convert the inorganic compounds to an organic
  compound (glucose)
• enzymes
• 6 Water 6 Carbon dioxide Glucose 6
  Oxygen

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Regents Practice Question 1
The diagram below represents a process that
occurs in a structure of a specialized cell?
Which row in the chart correctly
identifies the letters in the diagram?
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Regents Practice Question 2
Scientists studying ocean organisms are
discovering new and unusual species. Which
observation could be used to determine that an
ocean organism carries out autotrophic
nutrition? (1) Chloroplasts are visible inside
the cells. (2) Digestive organs are visible upon
dissection. (3) The organism lives close to the
surface. (4) The organism synthesizes enzymes to
digest food
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Regents Practice Question 2 (Answer)
Scientists studying ocean organisms are
discovering new and unusual species. Which
observation could be used to determine that an
ocean organism carries out autotrophic
nutrition? (1) Chloroplasts are visible inside
the cells. (2) Digestive organs are visible upon
dissection. (3) The organism lives close to the
surface. (4) The organism synthesizes enzymes to
digest food
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• What happens during photosynthesis?
• Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes
  called stomata. It is a tiny opening or pore,
  found mostly on the undersurface of a plant leaf,
  and used for gas exchange.

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• Stomata and Guard Cells
• They are located on the underside of the leaves.
• In the presence of sunlight, the guard cells
  swell and this causes the stoma to open up.
• CO2 gas moves into the leaf and water vapor
  diffuses from the leaf.
• In dark conditions, the guard cells do not swell
  and the stoma remain closed and photosynthesis
  does not take place.

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What happens during photosynthesis?

• Water is brought up through the roots to the
  leaves
• Some of the Glucose is used right away by the
  plant for energy some is stored as starch and
  some is built into plant tissue.
• Oxygen is released into the environment.

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• Factors Influencing Photosynthesis
• Temperature
• It should be between 0 35 C due to the
  need for enzyme activity.
• 2.Light Intensity
• Some plants need more light.
• 3.Water Availability
• Some plants need more water.

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Regents Practice Question 3 In some land
plants, guard cells are found only on the lower
surfaces of the leaves. In some water plants,
guard cells are found only on the upper surfaces
of the leaves. Explain how guard cells in both
land and water plants help maintain homeostasis.
In your answer be sure to identify one
function regulated by the guard cells in leaves
1 explain how guard cells carry out this
function 1 give one possible evolutionary
advantage of the position of the guard cells on
the leaves of land plants 1
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Regents Practice Question 3 (Answers)

• Control the entrance of gases into and out of the
  leaves of the plant.
• Depending on the amount of light present, the
  guard cells will swell or contract causing the
  stomata to either open or close.
• If the guard cells were located on top of the
  leaves they would remain open most of the time
  and the plant might dehydrate because the water
  vapor would constantly be leaving the plant.

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Regents Practice Question 4 A student performed
an experiment to demonstrate that a plant needs
chlorophyll for photosynthesis. He used plants
that had green leaves with white areas. After
exposing the plants to sunlight, he removed a
leaf from each plant and processed the leaves to
remove the chlorophyll. He then tested each leaf
for the presence of starch. Starch was found in
the area of the leaf that was green, and no
starch was found in the area of the leaf that was
white. He concluded that chlorophyll is necessary
for photosynthesis. Which statement represents
an assumption the student had to make in order to
draw this conclusion? (1) Starch is synthesized
from the glucose produced in the green areas of
the leaf. (2) Starch is converted to chlorophyll
in the green areas of the leaf. (3) The white
areas of the leaf do not have cells. (4) The
green areas of the leaf are heterotrophic
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Regents Practice Question 4 A student performed
an experiment to demonstrate that a plant needs
chlorophyll for photosynthesis. He used plants
that had green leaves with white areas. After
exposing the plants to sunlight, he removed a
leaf from each plant and processed the leaves to
remove the chlorophyll. He then tested each leaf
for the presence of starch. Starch was found in
the area of the leaf that was green, and no
starch was found in the area of the leaf that was
white. He concluded that chlorophyll is necessary
for photosynthesis. Which statement represents
an assumption the student had to make in order to
draw this conclusion? (1) Starch is synthesized
from the glucose produced in the green areas of
the leaf. (2) Starch is converted to chlorophyll
in the green areas of the leaf. (3) The white
areas of the leaf do not have cells. (4) The
green areas of the leaf are heterotrophic
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Regents Practice Question 5 6
A small water plant (elodea) was placed in bright
sunlight for five hours as indicated below.
Bubbles of oxygen gas were observed being
released from the plant. Since oxygen gas is
being released, it can be inferred that the plant
is (1) producing glucose (2) making protein (3)
releasing energy from water (4) carrying on
active transport What substance did the plant
most likely absorb from the water for the process
that produces the oxygen gas? (1) dissolved
nitrogen (2) carbon dioxide (3) an enzyme (4) a
hormone
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Regents Practice Question 5 6 (Answer)
A small water plant (elodea) was placed in bright
sunlight for five hours as indicated below.
Bubbles of oxygen gas were observed being
released from the plant. Since oxygen gas is
being released, it can be inferred that the plant
is (1) producing glucose (2) making protein (3)
releasing energy from water (4) carrying on
active transport What substance did the plant
most likely absorb from the water for the process
that produces the oxygen gas? (1) dissolved
nitrogen (2) carbon dioxide (3) an enzyme (4) a
hormone
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Regents Practice Question 7
For the process of autotrophic nutrition, the
arrow labeled A would most likely represent the
direction of movement of (1) carbon dioxide,
water, and solar energy (2) oxygen, glucose, and
solar energy (3) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and heat
energy (4) glucose, water, and heat energy
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Regents Practice Question 7 (Answer)
For the process of autotrophic nutrition, the
arrow labeled A would most likely represent the
direction of movement of (1) carbon dioxide,
water, and solar energy (2) oxygen, glucose, and
solar energy (3) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and heat
energy (4) glucose, water, and heat energy
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Regents Practice Question 8 Which statement
best describes the starch content of two leaves
taken from the same plant shown in the chart
below?
(1) Neither leaf contains starch. (2) Both leaves
contain same amount of starch. (3) Leaf A
contains more starch than leaf B. (4) Leaf B
contains more starch than leaf A.
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Regents Practice Question 8 (Answer) Which
statement best describes the starch content of
two leaves taken from the same plant shown in the
chart below?
(1) Neither leaf contains starch. (2) Both leaves
contain same amount of starch. (3) Leaf A
contains more starch than leaf B. (4) Leaf B
contains more starch than leaf A.
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What is Cellular Respiration?

• It is a process that is opposite to the process
  of photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis is a process that stores up energy
  and cellular respiration is a process that allows
  that stored up energy to be released for use by
  the cells
• The release of chemical energy for use by cells
  is called cellular respiration.

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What is the chemical equation for cellular
respiration?
The chemical equation for Cellular Respiration
is C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O
ATP Energy Glucose Oxygen Carbon
Water Dioxide
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Comparison of Photosynthesis Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Function Energy storage Energy release
Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria
Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2
Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O
Equation 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O
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When and where does Cellular Respiration Occur?

• All Eukaryotic cells and most Prokaryotic Cells.
• 24 hours a day, 7days a week, 365 days a year
• In other words, it is going on constantly because
  cells are alive and have a constant need for
  energy.

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What is ATP Energy ?

• A Glucose molecule has too much energy for a cell
  to release and use all at one time.
• (Think of it as a 100 bill)
• Glucose actually gets broken down into a much
  smaller molecule called ATP.
• (Think of ATP as a 1 bill)
• One glucose molecule breaks down into about 90
  ATP molecules.
• ATP is the chemical fuel that a cell is able to
  handle, it is called Adenosine Triphosphate.

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Regents Practice Question 9
The diagram below represents a plant cell.
Which process takes place in structure A?
(1) cellular respiration (2) heterotrophic
nutrition (3) digestion of fats (4) protein
synthesis
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Regents Practice Question 9 (Answer)
The diagram below represents a plant cell.
Which process takes place in structure A?
(1) cellular respiration (2) heterotrophic
nutrition (3) digestion of fats (4) protein
synthesis
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Regents Practice Question 10
Much of the carbon dioxide produced by green
plants is not excreted as a metabolic waste
because it (1) can be used for
photosynthesis (2) is too large to pass through
cell membranes (3) is needed for cellular
respiration (4) can be used for the synthesis of
proteins
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Regents Practice Question 10 (Answer)
Much of the carbon dioxide produced by green
plants is not excreted as a metabolic waste
because it (1) can be used for
photosynthesis (2) is too large to pass through
cell membranes (3) is needed for cellular
respiration (4) can be used for the synthesis of
proteins
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Regents Practice Question 11
The diagram below represents a biochemical
process. Which molecule is represented by
X? (1) DNA (2) protein (3) starch
(4) ATP
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Regents Practice Question 11(Answer)
The diagram below represents a biochemical
process. Which molecule is represented by
X? (1) DNA (2) protein (3) starch
(4) ATP
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Regents Practice Question 12 In what way are
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
similar? (1) They both occur in
chloroplasts. (2) They both require sunlight. (3)
They both involve organic and inorganic
molecules. (4) They both require oxygen and
produce carbon dioxide
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Regents Practice Question 12 (Answer) In what
way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration
similar? (1) They both occur in
chloroplasts. (2) They both require sunlight. (3)
They both involve organic and inorganic
molecules. (4) They both require oxygen and
produce carbon dioxide
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Regents Practice Question 13
. The diagram below represents a cell found in
some complex organisms. The enlarged section
represents an organelle, labeled X, found in this
cell. Describe the function of organelle
X and explain how it is important to the
survival of the cell. In your answer, be sure
to identify organelle X 1 state the
process that this organelle performs 1
identify the two raw materials that are needed
for this process to occur 1 identify one
molecule produced by this organelle and explain
why it is important to the organism 2
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Regents Practice Question 13 (Answer)

• Organelle x is the mitochondria
• It is the site for cellular respiration to take
  place.
• Glucose and Oxygen are the raw materials.
• ATP is a molecule that is produced from cellular
  respiration. It is important because it is the
  fuel for the cell.