Los Angeles World Airports Aircraft Surface Movement Program

1
Los Angeles World Airports Aircraft Surface
Movement Program
Anthony Laughlin Superintendent of Operations
Los Angeles International Airport (310)
646-4265 alaughlin_at_lawa.org
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Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement Program
Any person who taxis, tows, communicates on
aviation VHF frequencies, or is otherwise
involved in the movement of aircraft at LAX must
successfully complete the Aircraft Surface
Movement Program.
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Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement
Program

• Class length 3 hours

• Test 30 question multiple choice
• minimum passing score is 90

• All persons who successfully complete this
• program will be rebadged. The replacement
• badge will include the Aircraft Movement
• Icon.

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Introduction To Aircraft Surface Movement
UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE
LAWA AIRFIELD OPERATIONS ESCORT IS REQUIRED FOR
ALL AIRCRAFT SURFACE MOVEMENT OPERATIONS BY
NON-FLIGHT CREW PERSONNEL, INVOLVING THE
CROSSING OF ANY RUNWAY AT LAX
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Training Goals
1. To prevent incursions on movement areas
2. To provide familiarization with airfield
layout, signs, markings, and lighting
3. To help standardize radio communication and
Air Traffic Control procedures
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Aircraft Surface Movement Program
SECTION 1 LAX Airfield Familiarization
SECTION 2 Airfield Signs, Surface Markings,
and Lighting
SECTION 3 Air Traffic Control Procedures,
Instructions, and Radio Phraseology
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Runway Incursions
The FAA defines a Runway Incursion as

• Any occurrence at an airport involving an
  aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the
  ground that creates a collision hazard or
  results in loss of separation with an aircraft
  taking off or intending to takeoff, landing or
  intending to land.

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LAX Airfield Familiarization
Section 1
Movement Areas consist of runways, taxiways,
taxilanes and other areas of an airport which are
used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing of
aircraft.
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LAX Airfield Familiarization
Runways
Rectangular-shaped, paved surfaces on an airport,
designed for the landing or takeoff of airplanes.
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Runway Designations

• Based on a runways magnetic heading, using the
  360 degree compass system

• Runways may be used in two opposite directions

• All runways have TWO runway designations

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Runway Designations

• The pictured runway is oriented in the
  north-south direction
• The pictured runway would be designated Runway
  18/36

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Runway Designations

• What is the magnetic alignment of the pictured
  runway?
• What is the runway designation?

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Runway Designations

• What is the magnetic alignment of the pictured
  runway?
• What is the runway designation?

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LAX Runway Layout

• Parallel Runway Configuration
• South Complex

Runway 25R/7L
Runway 25L/7R
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LAX Runway Layout

• North Complex
• Runway 24R/6L
• Runway 24L/6R

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Taxiways
A paved surface designed for the movement of
aircraft from one part of the airport to another
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Taxiways

• Types of Taxiways
• Parallel Taxiways
• North-South Taxiways
• Connector Taxiways
• Taxilanes
• Bi-pass Taxiways

• Taxiway Designation
• Letters
• Letters and Numbers

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LAX Taxiway Configuration

• Five Parallel Taxiways

E
D
C
B
A
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LAX Taxiway Configuration

• Three North-South Taxiways

Q
AA
S
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LAX Taxiway Configuration
Connector taxiways are used by aircraft to taxi
from one movement area to another.
To Review, LAX has Four Runways
Three North-South Taxiways
Five Parallel Taxiways
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Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)

• A paved surface used for access between taxiways
  and
• Ramp (gate) areas

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Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)

• Methodology of Taxilane Designations

D8
D9
D7
D10
C1
C3
C5
B1
C2
C4
C6
C10
C9
C7
C8
A1
A2
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Ramp/Apron Areas

• Ramp/Apron Areas consist of the following

• Maintenance Areas
• Terminal Gates
• Cargo/Freight Parking Gates

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Ramp/Apron Areas

• Ramps and Aprons are non-movement areas

• Ramp/Apron areas are not controlled
• by FAA Air Traffic Control

• Ramps and Aprons are aircraft parking areas
  designed for the purpose of loading/unloading or
  servicing of aircraft

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Ramp/Apron Areas

• Gate areas of terminal buildings are an example
  of a Ramp/Apron Area
• Wing Clearance Lines

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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting
Section 2

• Runway surface markings are white

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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting

• The runway centerline is a broken white stripe
  which indicates the center of the runway and
  provides alignment guidance for aircraft.

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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting

• The runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripe
  indicating the edges of the runway, and the edges
  of the full-strength pavement.

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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting

• Runway threshold markings identify the beginning
  of the runway which is available for landing.

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Runway Lighting
Runway lighting is white in color

• Runway edge-lights identify the sides of the
  runway

• Runway lighting is white in color

Elevated edge-lights identify the runway edges
during adverse visibility conditions
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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting

• Runway lighting is white in color
• In-pavement Runway Centerline Lights identify the
  runway centerline during adverse visibility
  conditions

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Runway Surface Markings And Lighting

• Runway lighting is white in color
• Touchdown Zone Lights indicate the first 3,000
  feet of the runway, beginning at the threshold

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Taxiway Surface Markings

• ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.
• Taxiway centerline markings indicate the center
  of the taxiway.

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Taxiway Surface Markings

• ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.
• Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the
  edges of the taxiway as well as the edge of
  full-strength pavement

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Taxiway Surface Markings

• ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.
• Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of
  transverse stripes extending from the taxiway
  edge markings into paved areas which are not
  intended for aircraft use

Note At LAX, paved areas which are unsuitable
for aircraft may be painted green.
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Taxiway Surface Markings
Hold Lines are located on taxiways which
intersect runways
All aircraft and vehicles must hold short of the
runway at the hold line.
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Taxiway Surface Markings

• Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a
  taxiway and a runway.

Aircraft/vehicles must hold on the solid side of
the hold line.
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Taxiway Lighting

• Taxiway edge-lights are blue in color
• Taxiway edge lighting identifies the edge of a
  taxiway during periods of darkness or reduced
  visibility.

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Taxiway Lighting

• In-pavement Taxiway centerline lights are green
  in color

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Taxiway Lighting

• In-pavement taxiway centerline lights identify
  the taxiway centerline during periods of darkness
  or reduced visibility

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Taxiway Lighting
Runway Guard Lights
Two Types Elevated and In-Pavement

• Elevated Runway Guard Lights consist of two
  alternating, flashing yellow lights

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Taxiway Lighting
Runway Guard Lights

• In-pavement Runway Guard Lights consist of
  flashing yellow lights, which extend across the
  taxiway, parallel to the hold line

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Taxiway Lighting

• In-pavement Runway Guard Lights
• Extend across hold line

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Taxilane Surface Markings

• Taxilanes have either solid white or yellow
  lead-in lines

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Ramp/Apron Area Surface Markings

• Wing-clearance lines are white or red.

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Taxilane Surface Markings

• Miscellaneous Taxiway markings

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Five types of airfield signage

25L-7R
Mandatory Instruction Sign
A
Location Sign
B
Direction Sign
Checkpoint 3
Information Sign
MIL
Destination Sign
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Surface painted signs correspond to mounted signs

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• It Is MANDATORY That You Receive INSTRUCTIONS
  From FAA Air Traffic Control, Before Passing ANY
  Mandatory Instruction Sign

Mandatory Instruction Signs are usually
co-located with Taxiway Location Signs
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings
Mandatory Instruction Signs Runway 7R-25L
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Review of Runway 7R/25L Mandatory Signs

• East End of Runway

• Midfield Locations

• West End of Runway

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings
Mandatory Instruction Signs Runway 7L-25R
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Review of Runway 25R/7L Mandatory Signs

• East End of Runway

• Midfield Locations

• West End of Runway

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings
Mandatory Instruction Signs Runway 6R-24L
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Instrument Landing System (ILS) Critical Area
• Mandatory Instruction Signs

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Any aircraft operator who is Confronted with a
Mandatory Instruction Sign MUST conduct any
operation in strict accordance with instructions
from FAA Air Traffic Control
LAWA Airfield Operations escort is currently
required for ALL Aircraft Surface Movement
Operations, conducted by non flight-crew
personnel, which involve the crossing of runways
at LAX
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Failure to comply with these procedures may
result in a Runway Incursion, aircraft
collision and/or loss of airfield driving
privileges
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Taxiway Location Signs have a black background
  with yellow inscriptions

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Taxiway Direction Signs have a yellow background
  with black inscriptions and arrows.

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Taxiway Location Signs are often co-located with
  Taxiway Direction Signs.

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Information signs have a yellow background with
  black inscriptions. This type of sign displays
  advisory information.

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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings
Destination Signs have a yellow background with
black inscriptions and arrows pointing in the
general direction of a specific location on the
airfield.
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Airfield Signs and Surface Markings

• Taxiway hold markings are located where two
  taxiways intersect.

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Restricted/Closed Areas

• Certain types of operations or aircraft may not
  use a Restricted Area.
• No aircraft operations may be conducted in a
  Closed Area.

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Restricted/Closed Areas
Restricted/Closed Areas are marked with orange
cones, delineators, and/or standing red lights
placed along the perimeter of the area.
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Restricted/Closed Areas
Aircraft inadvertently proceeding into a closed
or restricted area may result in loss of life and
substantial property damage.
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Review of Taxiway/Runway Intersection Markings,
Signs and Lighting
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Air Traffic Control Procedures, Instructions, and
Phraseology
Section 3

• Transmitting on Aviation VHF Radio

1. Verify correct frequency
2. Briefly monitor to make sure frequency is
clear
3. Check position of transmitter selector
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Air Traffic Control Procedures, Instructions, and
Phraseology
Section 3
4. Communicate clearly and concisely
Who you are Aircraft type wing span Where you
are on the airport What you are
requesting, or intending to do How youre going
to do it
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Phraseology
Use correct aviation phraseology to transmit
messages which are clear and concise

• Acknowledge - Let me know that you have received
  my message

• Advise Intentions - Tell me what you
• plan to do

• Affirmative - Yes

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Phraseology

• Confirm - My version is is that correct?

• Correction - An error has been made in
• the transmission and the correct
• version follows

• Go Ahead - Proceed with your message.
• Not to be used for any other purpose.

• Hold - Stop where you are

• Hold Short Of - Proceed to, but stop
• before reaching a specific point

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Phraseology

• Negative - No, or Permission not
• granted, or That is not correct

• Proceed - You are authorized to begin
• or continue moving

• Read Back - Repeat my message back
• to me

• Roger - I have received all of your last
• transmission. (It should not be used to
• answer a question requiring a yes or
• no answer)

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Phraseology

• Say Again - Used to request a repeat
• of the last transmission. Usually
• specifies transmission or portion
• thereof not understood or received

• Stand By - Means the controller or pilot
• must pause for a few seconds, usually to
• attend to other duties of a higher priority.
• If the delay is lengthy, the
• caller should reestablish contact.

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Phraseology

• Taxi To - Taxi to an airport location. This
• instruction is not a clearance to taxi on
• or across the referenced airport location.

• Unable - Indicates inability to comply with
• a specific instruction, request or clearance

• Verify - Request confirmation of information,
• for example, Verify cleared to cross
• runway two five right.

• Wilco - I have received your message,
• understand it,and will comply with it

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Phonetic Alphabet

• A standardized aviation phonetic alphabet has
  been adopted by the International Civil Aviation
  Organization (ICAO) and is used by Air Traffic
  Controllers worldwide.

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Phonetic Alphabet

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Crossing Runways
1. Initial call to Ground Control
2. When holding at specified taxi
position, ground control instructs aircraft to
contact Tower

• 3. Tower Control Instructions
• Hold short
• Cross both runways
• Cross one, hold short of the other

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LAX VHF Radio Frequencies

• LAX Air Traffic Control VHF Radio Frequencies
• Automatic Terminal Information Service 133.80
• Ground Control- North Complex 121.65
• Ground Control- South Complex 121.75
• Tower- North Complex 133.90
• Tower- South Complex 120.95
• Metering 120.35
• LAX Airline Operated Ramp Tower VHF Radio
  Frequencies
• Alaska Ramp Tower (Taxilane D-10) 130.85
• American Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-10) 129.32
• Delta Ramp Tower (Taxilanes C-8 and C-9) 131.45
• United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-7) 129.40
• United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-6) 129.50

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LAX Standard Taxi Routes
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Proper Radio Procedures
Push back 1. Name of facility being contacted 2.
Aircraft call sign 3. Aircraft position 4.
Requested operation

• Taxi
• 1. Advise ramp tower, if applicable, when ready
  to move forward
• 2. Contact ground control when ready to tow or
  taxi
• 3. Read back all hold short instructions

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Preventing Runway Incursions
1. Review all pertinent information prior to
conducting an aircraft surface movement operation
2. Use correct communication techniques
3. Maintain a sterile cockpit
4. If you are unsure of your position on the
airfield, stop and ask for assistance
5. Continuously monitor the appropriate VHF
frequency
6. If you are unsure of any issued instructions,
ask for clarification
7. Report any deteriorating/confusing airfield
signs, surface markings or lighting to LAX
Airfield Operations, or FAA at an appropriate
time.
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Conclusion

• Use Safe, Accepted Procedures
• Follow Standard Guidelines
• Forethought, Proper Planning And Application Of
  Established Procedures Lead To Safety

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Review/Questions
Please forward questions, comments or other
input to Anthony Laughlin Superintendent of
Operations Los Angeles International
Airport [phone] alaughlin_at_lawa.org