Top Ten Famous Volcanoes

1
Top TenFamous Volcanoes
2
(No Transcript)
3

• Kilauea, Hawaii
• Location 19.4N, 155.3W
• Elevation 4,009 feet (1,222 m)
• Kilauea is an active volcano in the Hawaiian
  Islands, one of five shield volcanoes that
  together form the Island of Hawaii.
• In Hawaiian, the word kilauea means "spewing" or
  "much spreading", in reference to the mountain's
  frequent outpouring of lava.
• kilauea is presently the most active volcano and
  one of the most visited active volcanoes on the
  planet.
• Kilauea is the youngest of the subaerial
  volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii.
• Kilauea lies at the southeast end of the Hawaiian
  chain.
• Much of the bulk of Kilauea is below sea level.
• Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes on
  Earth.

4
(No Transcript)
5

• Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA
• Location 46.2N, 122.2WElevation 8,363 feet
  (2549 m)
• Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano in
  Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific
  Northwest region of the United States.
• The mountain, part of the Cascade Range, takes
  its English name from the British diplomat Lord
  St Helens, who was a friend of George Vancouver,
  an explorer who made a survey of the area in the
  late 18th century.
• Mount St. Helens is a part of the Pacific Ring of
  Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes.
• Mount St. Helens is well known for its ash
  explosions and pyroclastic flows.
• Mount St. Helens is most famous for its
  catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980.
  Fifty-seven people were killed and 250 homes, 47
  bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185
  miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed.
• Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared
  to the other major Cascade volcanoes.
• In 1982, President Ronald Reagan and the U.S.
  Congress established the Mount St. Helens
  National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000-acre
  (445-km²) area around the mountain and within the
  Gifford Pinchot National Forest.22

6
(No Transcript)
7

• Mount Vesuvius, Italy
• Location 40.8N, 14.4EElevation 4,200 feet
  (1,281 m)
• Mount Vesuvius (Italian Monte Vesuvio, Latin
  Mons Vesuvius) is a volcano east of Naples,
  Italy.
• Mount Vesuvius was regarded by the Greeks and
  Romans as being sacred to the hero and demigod
  Hercules/Heracles, and the town of Herculaneum,
  built at its base, was named after him.
• Mount Vesuvius is the only volcano on the
  European mainland to have erupted within the last
  hundred years, although it is not currently
  erupting.
• Mount Vesuvius is one of the most dangerous
  volcanoes in the world because of the population
  of 3,000,000 people now living close to it and
  its tendency towards explosive eruptions.
• Mount Vesuvius was formed as a result of the
  collision of two tectonic plates, the African and
  the Eurasian.
• Mount Vesuvius is one of several which form the
  Campanian volcanic arc.
• By the 1st century, Pompeii was only one of a
  number of towns located around the base of Mount
  Vesuvius.

8
(No Transcript)
9

• Fuji, Honshu, Japan
• Location 35.4N, 138.7EElevation 3,776 m
• Japanese  Fuji-san, also called  Fujiyama , or
   Fuji No Yama  highest mountain in Japan.
• Fuji-san mountain's name, of Ainu origin, means
  everlasting life.
• Mount Fuji is the archetype of the stratovolcano
  and probably rivals Vesuvius for the best-know
  volcano.
• Fuji rises about 3,500 m above the surrounding
  plain.
• Fuji has erupted at least 16 times since 781 AD.
• The conical form of Fuji-san, Japan's highest and
  most noted volcano, belies its complex origin.
• The most recent eruption was in 1707-1708 from a
  vent on the southeast side of the cone.

10
(No Transcript)
11

• Merapi, Java, Indonesia
• Location 7.5S, 110.4EElevation 9,548 feet
  (2,911 m)
• Gunung Merapi in Indonesian language, is a
  conical volcano in Central Java, Indonesia.
• Merapis name means Mountain of Fire.
• Merapi is the most active volcano in Indonesia
  with 68 historic eruption since 1548.
• Several of its eruptions have caused fatalities.
  It was erupting from 1992 to 2002, and a
  particularly large explosion killed 43 people in
  1994.
• Merapi began erupting again in 2006, and
  scientists believe a large eruption is imminent.
• In light of the hazards Merapi poses to populated
  areas, it has been designated a Decade Volcano.
• Merapi continues to hold particular significance
  for the Javanese it is one of four places where
  officials from the royal palaces of Java's
  Yogyakarta and Solo make annual offerings to
  placate the ancient Javanese spirits.

12
(No Transcript)
13

• Mt. Pelee, West Indies
• Location 14.8N, 61.1WElevation 4,583 feet
  (1,397 m)
• Mount Pelée (French Montagne Pelée, "Bald
  Mountain") is an active volcano on the northern
  tip of the French Martinique in the Caribbean.
• Mount Pelée is a stratovolcano, its volcanic cone
  composed of layers of volcanic ash and hardened
  lava.
• Mount Pelée is part of the Lesser Antilles
  volcanic arc.
• Though it was previously dormant , Mount Pelée
  began to erupt on April 25, 1902.
• Mount Pelée 1902 eruption is considered the worst
  volcanic disaster of the 20th century . The
  eruption caused about 26,000 to 36,000 casualties
  and destroyed Saint-Pierre.
• During the catastrophic May 8, 1902 Mount Pelée
  s eruption, only 2 individuals survived out of
  28,000 people in Saint-Pierre.
• As of the year 2006, Mount Pelée with its long
  history of extreme violence quietly rests above
  Saint Pierre and the beautiful northern
  Martinique countryside.

14
(No Transcript)
15

• Arenal, Costa Rica
• Location 10.5N, 84.7EElevation 5,435 feet
  (1,657 feet)
• The Arenal Volcano, in Spanish Volcán Arenal, is
  an active andesitic stratovolcano in
  north-western Costa Rica.
• Recognised as a volcano since the 19th century,
  it was known by foreign investigators as "Volcan
  Costa Rica, Rio Frio", "Canastos" Volcano and
  "Cerro de los Guatusos".
• Arenal Volcano erupted in July 29, 1968 after
  approximately 400 years of dormancy. The eruption
  wiped out the town of Arenal and killed 87
  people. It has been in continuous eruption since
  then.
• Arenal rises 1657 metres above sea level and
  overlooks Lake Arenal both are part of Arenal
  Volcano National Park.
• The last major eruption of Arenal occurred on
  August 23, 2000.
• Most of the time, the volcano is surrounded by
  clouds near the tip, and it is touted as good
  luck to see the whole volcano without clouds.
• The volcano heats several hot springs nearby,
  including Tabacon, a popular tourist destination.

16
(No Transcript)
17

• Stromboli, Italy
• Location 38.8 N, 15.2 EElevation 2,900 feet
  (900 m)
• Stromboli is a small island in the Tyrrhenian
  Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing
  one of the active volcanos in Italy.
• Strombolis name is a corruption of the ancient
  Greek name St??????? (Stro?gule) which was given
  to it because of its round swelling form.
• Stromboli has three active craters at the peak.
• A significant geological feature of Stromboli is
  the Sciara del Fuoco ("Stream of fire"),a big
  horseshoe-shaped depression generated in the last
  13,000 years by several collapses on the north
  western side of the cone.
• Stromboli is remarkable because of the length of
  time for which it has been in almost continuous
  eruption. For at least the last 2,000 years, the
  same pattern of eruption has been maintained, in
  which explosions occur at the summit craters with
  mild to moderate eruptions of incandescent
  volcanic bombs at intervals ranging from minutes
  to hours.
• Stromboli's activity is almost exclusively
  explosive, but lava flows do occasionally occur -
  an effusive eruption in 2002 was its first in 17
  years.
• Stromboli is also the name of the puppeteer who
  kidnaps pinocchio and makes him perform as a
  marionette in his puppet shows, as seen in the
  Classic Walt Disney film "Pinocchio" from 1940.

18
(No Transcript)
19

• Krakatau, Sundra
• Krakatoa (Indonesian name Krakatau, Portuguese
  name Krakatao) is a volcanic island in the Sunda
  Strait between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
• Krakatau name is used for the island group, the
  main island (also called Rakata), and the volcano
  as a whole.
• Krakatau best known eruption culminated in a
  series of massive explosions on August 26-27,
  1883.
• Krakataus 1883 eruption ejected more than 25
  cubic kilometres of rock, ash, and pumice, and
  generated the loudest sound ever historically
  reported the cataclysmic explosion was
  distinctly heard as far away as Australia.
• During Krakatau 1883 eruption, atmospheric shock
  waves reverberated around the world seven times
  and were detectable for five days.
• During Krakatau 1883 eruption, 165 villages and
  towns were destroyed and 132 seriously damaged,
  at least 36,417 (official toll) people died, and
  many thousands were injured by the eruption,
  mostly in the tsunamis which followed the
  explosion.
• New eruptions at Krakatau since 1927 have built a
  new island, called Anak Krakatau (child of
  Krakatoa).

20
(No Transcript)
21

• Etna, ItalyLocation 37.73N, 15.00EElevation
  10,991 feet (3,350 m)
• Mount Etna is an active volcano on the east coast
  of Sicily, close to Messina and Catania.
• Mount Etna (also known as Mongibeddu in Sicilian
  and Mongibello in Italian, a combination of Latin
  mont- and Arabic jebel, both meaning mountain).
• Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in
  Europe.
• Mount Etna covers an area of 1190 km² (460 square
  miles) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This
  makes it nearly three times the height of the
  next largest, Mount Vesuvius.
• Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in
  the world and is in an almost constant state of
  eruption.
• Mount Etna fertile volcanic soils support
  extensive agriculture, with vineyards and
  orchards spread across the lower slopes of the
  mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the
  south.
• Due to its history of recent activity and nearby
  population, Mount Etna has been designated a
  Decade Volcano by the United Nations.

22
The word "volcano" comes from the little island
of Vulcano in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily.
Centuries ago, the people living in this area
believed that Vulcano was the chimney of the
forge of Vulcan -- the blacksmith of the Roman
gods. They thought that the hot lava fragments
and clouds of dust erupting form Vulcano came
from Vulcan's forge as he beat out thunderbolts
for Jupiter, king of the gods, and weapons for
Mars, the god of war. In Polynesia the people
attributed eruptive activity to the beautiful but
wrathful Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes, whenever she
was angry or spiteful. Today we know that
volcanic eruptions are not super-natural but can
be studied and interpreted by scientists.
Volcano1. Magma chamber2. Country rock3.
Conduit (pipe)4. Base5. Sill6. Branch pipe7.
Layers of ash emitted by the volcano8. Flank9.
Layers of lava emitted by the volcano10.
Throat11. Parasitic cone12. Lava flow13.
Vent14. Crater15. Ash cloud
23
A volcano is an opening (or rupture) in the
Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot,
molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from deep
below the surface. Volcanic activity involving
the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or
features like mountains over a period of
time. Volcanoes are generally found where two to
three tectonic plates pull apart or are coming
together. A mid-oceanic ridge, like the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes
caused by "divergent tectonic plates" pulling
apart the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of
volcanoes caused by "convergent tectonic plates"
coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are
usually not created where two tectonic plates
slide past one another (like the San Andreas
fault). Volcanoes can also form where there is
stretching of the Earth's crust and where the
crust grows thin (called "non-hotspot intraplate
volcanism"), such as in the African Rift Valley
or the European Rhine Graben with its Eifel
volcanoes). Finally, volcanoes can be caused by
"mantle plumes," so-called "hotspots" these
hotspots can occur far from plate boundaries,
such as the Hawaiian Islands. Interestingly,
hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the
solar system, especially on rocky planets and
moons.
24
(No Transcript)
25
Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a zone of frequent
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling the
basin of the Pacific Ocean. It is sometimes
called the circum-Pacific belt or the
circum-Pacific seismic belt. The "Ring of Fire"
is an arc stretching from New Zealand, along the
eastern edge of Asia, north across the Aleutian
Islands of Alaska, and south along the coast of
North and South America. It is composed over 75
of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.
Ring of Fire is located at the borders of the
Pacific Plate and other major tectonic plates.
Around the Ring of Fire, the Pacific Plate is
colliding with and sliding underneath other
plates. This process is known as subduction and
the volcanically and seismically active area
nearby is known as a subduction zone. There is a
tremendous amount of energy created by these
plates and they easily melt rock into magma,
which rises to the surface as lava and forms
volcanoes.
26
(No Transcript)
27
Plate-tectonics
According to the new, generally accepted
"plate-tectonics" theory, scientists believe that
the Earth's surface is broken into a number of
shifting slabs or plates, which average about 50
miles in thickness. These plates move relative to
one another above a hotter, deeper, more mobile
zone at average rates as great as a few inches
per year. Most of the world's active volcanoes
are located along or near the boundaries between
shifting plates and are called "plate-boundary"
volcanoes. However, some active volcanoes are not
associated with plate boundaries, and many of
these so-called "intra-plate" volcanoes form
roughly linear chains in the interior of some
oceanic plates. The Hawaiian Islands provide
perhaps the best example of an "intra-plate"
volcanic chain, developed by the northwest-moving
Pacific Plate passing over an inferred "hot spot"
that initiates the magma-generation and
volcano-formation process. The peripheral areas
of the Pacific Ocean Basin, containing the
boundaries of several plates are dotted by many
active volcanoes that form the so-called "Ring of
Fire".