Types of Neurotransmitters

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Types of Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Amino acids
• Glutamate
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Aspartate
• Glycine
• Neuropeptides
• Endorphins
• Substance P
• Neuropeptide Y

• Monoamines
• Catecholamines
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Indolamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Soluble gases
• Nitric oxide
• Carbon monoxide

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Schizophrenia

• Aberrant neurochemistry

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Brain - structure and function Brain
Behavior (brain plasticity)
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Brain Plasticity changing your mind
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In the rest of todays class

• Brain plasticity is now an accepted feature of
  brain function
• How do experiences change the brain?
• Model of learning at the level of the cell
• Evidence that different experiences alter
  structure of brain and behavioral outcome

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How do experiences change the brain?
Donald Hebb (1949)
Learning via the strengthening of existing
synapses
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Hebbs model of how synapses are strengthened
Before learning
After learning
?
Electrical potential
Electrical potential

• Metabolic change
• Structural change

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A laboratory model of Hebbs synapse
Bliss Lømo, 1973
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
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A laboratory model of Hebbs synapse
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
record
stimulate
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Synaptic plasticity
Learning via the strengthening of existing
synapses Postulated Hebbian synapse
Before learning
After learning
Electrical potential
Electrical potential
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Synaptic plasticity
Learning via the strengthening of existing
synapses Postulated Hebbian synapse
Before learning
After learning
or
Electrical potential
Electrical potential
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Experiences modify synapses

• Hebbs theory about how learning changes
  synapses
• Bliss Lomos empirical model of how learning
  changes synapses

"To learn is to change. Education is a process
that changes the learner."                      
                                 George Leonard 
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In the rest of todays class

• Brain plasticity is now an accepted feature of
  brain function
• How do experiences change the brain?
• Model of learning at the level of the cell
• Evidence that different experiences alter
  structure of brain and behavioral outcome

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Enrichment Studies
Impoverished
Standard
Bennett, Diamond, Krech, Rosenzweig 1960s
Enriched
Looked at animals living under a variety of lab
conditions
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Measurable changes in brain as a function of
living environment

• Cortex size and weight
• Brain neurochemistry
• Cell body size

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Some resistance.
growth just of bigger and better synapses that
are already there, not growth of new connections
John Eccles, 1965
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Measurable changes in brain as a function of
living environment

• Cortex size and weight
• Brain neurochemistry
• Cell body size
• Structure of neurons
• More synapses

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Measurable changes in brain as a function of
living environment

• Cortex size and weight
• Brain neurochemistry
• Cell body size
• Structure of neurons
• More synapses
• More new neurons!

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More resistance
Read my lips NO NEW NEURONS!
Not a single cell with the physical
characteristics of a neuron born after infancy
was observed in the brain of any adult animal
Pasko Rakic The New Yorker 2001
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Adult brains make new neurons
Rat Hippocampus
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Measurable changes in brain as a function of
living environment

• Cortex size and weight
• Brain neurochemistry
• Cell body size
• Structure of neurons
• More synapses
• More new neurons

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Environmental enrichment enhances learning
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Experiences change brain and behavior
Experience
Brain
Behavior
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New behaviors modify future experiences!
Experience
Brain
Behavior