BComplex Vitamins

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B-Complex Vitamins
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Acetyl-Coenzyme A ?
Pantothenic Acid
B1, B3
B1, B3
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin, Mg B1, Mn.
B-12 B2, B3
Citrate
Oxaloacetate
B6, Mg, Ph
Malate
Cis-Aconitate
B2
Krebs Cycle
Isocitrate
Fe, B2
B2, B6
Fumarate
D-Ketoglutamate
Succinate
B2, Mg.
B1, Pantothenic Acid, Mg.
Succinyl-CoA
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Glycolysis

• Glucose
• Glucose-6-Phosphate (Mg, Mn)
• Fructose-6-Phosphate (Mg)
• Fructose-1, 6-Diphosphate (Zn,Fe,Ca)
• 3-Phosphoglycerol Phosphate (Niacin)
• 2-Phosphoglycerate (Mg, Mn)
• Pyruvate (Mg,Mn,K,Ca)
• Co-Enzyme A (Pantothenate)

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Thiamine

• A member of the B-complex family
• Water Soluble
• Relatively unstable
• Destroyed with heat
• Destroyed in alkaline environment
• Active as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
• Or as thiamine tri-phosphate (TTP)

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Functions of Thiamine

• Shunted via acetyl-co-A into Krebs cycle
• Converts alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl Co A
• Shunts branch chained amino acids into Krebs
  cycle
• Transketolase reactions in HMP pathway

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Importance of HMP Pathway

• Lipid synthesizing tissue
• Lactating mammary glands
• Adrenal glands
• Liver
• RBC synthesis
• Adipose tissue
• Necessary for RNA and DNA synthesis

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Thiamine

• Additional function in nerve conduction
• Not an enzymatic reaction
• Not well elucidated

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Early
• Anorexia
• Irritability
• Weight Loss

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Late
• Weakness
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Headache
• Tachycardia

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Beri-Beri

• Deficiency disease
• Two major types
• Dry predominately nervous system is affected
• Paresthesia muscle atrophy foot drop decreased
  attention span
• Wet add to dry peripheral vasodilation
  decreased peripheral vascular resistance and
  increased cardiac output eventually results in
  heart failure

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RDA

• Government 1.0 to 1.5 mg.
• Nutritionist 10-20 mg.
• Toxicity studies show 5,000 X RDA had no effect
  (short term)

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Therapeutic Uses

• Relieve deficiency symptoms
• Energy booster
• Relieve twitching of eyelid
• OCA users require more

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Riboflavin

• One of the B-complex vitamins
• Water Soluble
• Relatively stable
• Functions as coenzyme
• Active as flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
• Or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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Functions of Riboflavin

• Electron transport chain
• Transfers electrons from Krebs cycle into
  Electron transport chain
• All carbohydrates enter Krebs cycle via an
  irreversible reaction requiring riboflavin

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Functions of Riboflavin

• Fatty Acid Oxidation
• Oxidation of most drugs (called the drug vitamin)
• One carbon metabolism
• Body only synthesizes even carbons
• Require 5 carbons for RNA/DNA
• Riboflavin provides the extra (fifth) carbon

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Drugs Act as Antagonists

• The more drugs a person consumes, the more demand
  their body has upon a steady source of riboflavin

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Disease

• No specific deficiency disease. Process of
  deficiency called
• Ariboflavinosis

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Early
• Sore mouth
• Burning, itching eyes
• Personality deterioration

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Late symptoms
• Cheilosis
• Seborrhea
• Glossitis
• Corneal vascularization
• Anemia

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RDA

• Government 1.4 1.8 mg.
• Nutritionist 10 20 mg.
• Toxicity up to 5,000 X RDA with no side effects

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Therapeutic Uses

• Cure chelosis
• Energy Booster
• Treat sore mouth
• Extra needed in OCA or drug users

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Niacin

• One of the B-complex nutrients
• Water Soluble
• Very Stable
• Active as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
• And NAD-phosphate (NADP)
• A peculiar vitamin since it can be synthesized in
  body (via tryptophane)

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Forms of Niacin

• Nicotinic acid (niacin)
• Nicotinamide (other version)
• In some reactions, only the nicotinic acid form
  has effects
• The nicotinic acid form is the only form that
  causes niacin flush

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Functions

• Coenzyme for cytosol-mitochrondial shunt called
  the driving power for glycolysis in the cytosol
  and
• Called the driving power for electron transport
  in the mitochondria

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Niacin

• The conversion of tryptophane to niacin calls for
  vitamin B-6. This helps to demonstrate the
  interdependence of the B-family of nutrients.

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Functions

• Active in HMP
• Lipid Metabolism
• Vitamin Metabolism
• Hormone Metabolism

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Early
• Weakness
• Anorexia
• Indigestion
• Irritability
• Insomnia
• Memory loss
• Emotional instability

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Deficiency Symptoms

• Later
• Glossitis
• Stomatitis
• Sore mouth especially tongue
• Skin lesions

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Deficiency Disease

• Pellegra
• 4 Ds
• Dermatitis
• Diarrhea
• Dimentia
• Death

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RDA

• Government 13 19 mg.
• Nutritionists 40 50 mg.
• Toxicity niacin flush with over 100 mg.
• Fatty liver with continued high dosage

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Therapeutic

• Claims of benefits in schizophrenia
• Megadosage to lower cholesterol
• Prevent anxiety neurosis
• Natural anti-depressant
• Some believe flush improves circulation

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Pantothenic Acid

• Sometimes, erroneously called Vitamin B5
• So plentiful in grains and vegetables, a
  deficiency unlikely except in complete
  starvation

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Acytl-Coenzyme A

• No need to supplement, however, is present in
  most multivitamins.
• Not toxic until 7000 mg. Per day. Effect is
  diarrhea

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Pantothenic Acid

• Claimed to prevent greying of hair.
• Used to speed healing of burns and wounds.
• Claims to aid morning sickness not much
  evidence, however.

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Vitamin B6

• Pyridoxine
• Example of media treatment of Vitamin B6

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B-6

• Active in pathways related to amino acid
  metabolism
• Co-enzyme in
• Deamination
• Transamination
• Amino acid transport
• Conversion of tryptophan to niacin

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B-6 Deficiency Diseases

• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Women consuming oral contraceptives
• Anemia (needed for heme synthesis
• Total dietary deficiency rare except those
  consuming extra protein need extra B-6.
• Very likely that there are cases of increased
  requirements not being met

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B-6

• Early deficiency signs
• Weakness
• Irritability
• Nervousness
• Insomnia
• (dream recall)

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B6

• Later deficiency signs
• Convulsions
• Anemia
• Lesions around lips and eyes (red, crusty)

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B-6 excess

• Not likely except if oversupplementing
• But, moderate amounts can block the effect of
  administered L-Dopa. Caution in Parkinsons
  patients.

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Natures Diuretic

• Sometimes referred to as a natural diuretic. It
  will help prevent many causes of tissue fluid
  retention.

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Atherosclerosis

• Prevents the build-up of homocysteine a
  precursor to atherosclerotic plaques.
• Been used to treat a chemical-imbalance type of
  schizophrenia

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Vitamin B6

• Published reports (and experience) regarding
  usefulness in carpal tunnel syndrome.
• 100-200 mg. Per day levels related to
  improvement.
• Rationale the diuretic effect of B6 reduces
  swelling in the carpal tunnel.
• Coupled with adjustments good results.

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Vitamin B6

• Many, publications regarding effectiveness in
  PMS.
• 50-100 mg. One to-two days prior to onset of
  symptoms.
• Prevents swelling around brain, in abdomen and in
  lower extremities and thus improves many
  symptoms.
• After onset of menses, go back to normal B-6
  intake until next cycle

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Biotin

• Very uneventful.
• Unlikely to have deficiency
• Is blocked by raw egg whites, however.

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Complex (example)

• Thiamine - 15 mg
• Riboflavin - 15 mg
• Niacin (both forms) - 200 mg.
• Folate - 400 mcg.
• Vitamin B6 25 mg.
• B-12 125 mcg.
• Biotin 250 mcg.
• Pantothenic Acid 75 mg.
• Choline 100 mg.
• Inositol - 90 mg.