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Equine Diseases

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Title: Equine Diseases


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Equine Diseases
  • Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)
  • Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
  • Distemper / Strangles
  • Tetanus
  • Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1 EHV-4)
  • Rabies

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Other Disease Threats
  • Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
  • A complicated disease, which can result in some
    breeding restrictions and export problems.
  • Veterinarian recommendations
  • Potomac Horse Fever
  • Disease can cause severe diarrhea, severe
    laminitis or founder, and abortion.
  • A seasonal problem with geographic factors.
  • The mortality rate varies from 5 to 30.
  • Veterinarian recommendations.
  • Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
  • Clinical signs can include weakness, lameness,
    incoordination, inability to move correctly
    (especially in the hindquarters) or to stand up,
    seizures, weight loss, blindness, loss of
    balance, disuse of a single limb, and/or
    inappropriate sweating.
  • Lack of treatment can lead to permanent nerve
    damage and death.
  • Pigeon Fever
  • Pigeon breast, Colorado strangles, dryland
    distemper, false strangles
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses

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Pigeon Fever
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses
  • Pigeon breast, Colorado strangles, dryland
    distemper, false strangles
  • Disease is sporadic and seasonal (Fall)
  • Large swellings on the pectoral muscles, axillary
    region, ventral abdomen, and limbs of horses.
    When affecting limb, termed ulcerative
    lymphangitis
  • Most horses do not present systemic
    manifestations, although nodular abscesses over
    the body, abortion, fever, depression, and
    inappetence may occur.
  • Eight inch (20 cm) deep abscesses may cause gait
    abnormalities due to pain and/or space occupying
    changes.
  • Surface abscesses will rupture spontaneously, but
    deep abscesses will need to be lanced.
  • Used to be confined to CA. Now is epidemic in
    western US, especially CO, WY, AZ, UT, ID, KY.
  • Prefers the dryland, arid West and is at its
    worst in drought years.
  • Clea ruptured sites with 0.1 povidone-iodine
    solution, pack antiseptic gauze into the open
    wound, NSAID drugs (phenylbutazone).
  • For internal abscesses, prolonged treatment with
    procaine penicillin G, IM, or trimethoprim-sulfa
    is recommended.

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INTERNAL PARASITES
  • ASCARIDS (ROUNDWORMS)
  • BOTS (BOTFLY LARVAE GRUBS)
  • LARGE STRONGYLES ( BLOODWORMS)
  • SMALL STRONGYLES
  • OXYURIS )PINWORMS)
  • TAPEWORMS
  • LUNGWORMS
  • WARBLES

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EXTERNAL PARASITES
  • FLIES
  • STABLE FLIES, HORSE FLIES,DEER
  • FLIES,HORN FLIES, BLACK FLIES,
  • GNATS, MIDGES, FACE FLIES,
  • MOSQUITOES
  • HABRONEMIASIS (STABLE FLY / HORSE FLY)
  • LICE
  • TICKS
  • MITES

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DEWORMING PROGRAM
  • FEBRUARY FENBENDAZOLE
  • APRIL IVERMECTIN
  • JUNE MOXIDECTIN
  • AUGUST PYRANYEL PAMOATE
  • OCTOBER IVERMECTIN
  • DECEMBER MOXIDECTIN

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Twilight Cornell - Genome
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TOXIC PLANTS POISONS
  • GARDEN FLOWERS, PLANTS, SHRUBS
  • BRACKENFERN, COCKLEBUR, DEATH CAMAS, EQUISETUM
    (HORSE TAIL), LOCOWEED, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY,
    RUSSIAN KNAPWEED, YELLOW STAR THISTLE,WILD
    CHERRY, GOLDENROD, LOCUST, RED MAPLE, YEW,
  • TALL FESCUE FUNGUS, SUDAN GRASS/SORGHUM
  • BLACK PATCH DISEASE ON CLOVER, ERGOT, FUSARIUM
    FUNGUS (CORN),
  • BLISTER BEETLES (CANTHARIDIN), MONENSIN
    (RUMENSIN)

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COSTS OF OWNING A HORSE
  • PURCHASE COST ???
  • FEED COSTS 550
  • IMMUNIZATIONS 200
  • PARASITE CONTROL 100
  • FOOT CARE 240
  • VET CARE 200
  • EQUIPMENT COSTS 100
  • TRUCK / TRAILER ???
  • STABLE / BOARD ???
  • MINI-PONDEROSA ???

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COSTS OF OWNING A HORSE
  • SADDLES / BLANKETS / BRIDLES
  • DRIVING HARNESS / CART / BUGGY
  • HALTER PARAPHENALIA
  • BREEDING / FOALING

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What kind of fence do I want?
USU, Logan, UT
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Woven wire
  • Cost
  • 1.15-1.30 per foot
  • Pros
  • Readily available
  • Good for sheep add 1 - 2 strands of barbed wire
    at top for cattle
  • Cons
  • Expensive
  • Requires routine
    maintenance

www.farmphoto.com
www.farmphoto.com
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Barbed wire 4 strand
  • Cost
  • 1.50/ft materials
  • 2.50/ft labor
  • Pros
  • Low cost
  • Easy to install
  • Fairly low maintenance
  • Cons
  • Dangerous to people, livestock
  • and wildlife
  • Not suitable for horses
  • Not useful for small animals
  • Can be damaged by large wildlife

USU, Logan, UT
www.agry.purdue.edu/ext
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4 to 10 Strand smooth wire
  • Cost
  • 0.751.30/ ft, depending on number of wires
  • Pros
  • 4 to 5 strand good for horses
  • 10 strand will
  • contain all large
  • livestock and
  • exclude large wildlife
  • Durable
  • Can be electrified
  • Cons
  • Expensive
  • Requires routine maintenance

www.kiwifence.com
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Jackleg
  • Cost
  • 2.50/ft
  • Pros
  • Good in areas where it is hard to dig or drive
    posts
  • Visually appealing
  • Durable
  • Handles heavy snowfall
  • Can be adapted to marshy or wet areas
  • Low maintenance
  • Cons
  • High labor and materials costs during
    construction
  • UV stability?

NRCS, Bozeman, MT
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Electric ribbon
  • Cost
  • Vinyl post 4.59
  • 1½ inch ribbon .15/ft
  • T-posts 6 2.50
  • Insulators .15 each
  • Pros
  • Versatile
  • Easy to install and modify
  • Can be used to make existing fence more effective
  • Easier to see than other types of electric
    fencing
  • Cons
  • Cost and availability of electricity or solar
    source
  • Maintenance
  • Not a good choice for a permanent fence

USU, Logan, UT
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Shelter
Motel 7
  • Can be simple or elaborate
  • Costs vary widely

USU, Logan, UT
The Ritz
USU, Logan, UT
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Equine Emergency Care
  • When to call the veterinarian?
  • Any uncontrolled bleeding
  • Foreign objects protruding from the body (dont
    remove them!)
  • Lacerations
  • Injury to the eye or eyelids
  • Aggressive or unusual behavior
  • Neurologic signs (tripping, walking into objects)
  • Lameness that persists

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Equine Emergency Care
  • When to call the veterinarian?
  • Mares which are actively in labor for more than
    20 minutes without progress
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Multiple animals getting sick at once
  • When in doubt, call the veterinarian!
  • By acting quickly, you can help minimize the
    severity of any equine medical emergency

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Medical Emergencies
  • If you own horses, sooner or later you will
    confront a medical emergency
  • Several behavioral traits make horses especially
    accident-prone
  • their instinctive flight-or-fight response
  • their dominance hierarchy -- need to establish
    the pecking order in the herd
  • their natural curiosity
  • Such behaviors account for many equine cuts,
    bruises, and abrasions
  • lacerations are the most common emergency that
    horse owners contend with
  • other types of emergencies include colic, foaling
    difficulties, acute lameness, seizures, and
    illness
  • As a horse owner, you must know how to recognize
    serious problems
  • respond promptly
  • take appropriate action while awaiting the
    arrival of your veterinarian

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Signs of Distress
  • When a horse is cut or bleeding, it's obvious
    that there is a problem
  • Cases of colic, illness, or a more subtle injury,
    may not be as apparent
  • Important to know your horse's normal vital signs
  • temperature, pulse and respiration (TPR)
  • And its normal behavior patterns
  • You must be a good observer so that you readily
    recognize signs of ill health or trauma induced
    distress

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What is Normal?
  • Be aware that there will be variations in
    individual temperature, pulse and respiration
    values
  • Take several baseline measurements when the horse
    is healthy, rested, and relaxed
  • Write them down and keep them within easy reach -
    with your first aid kit, so you have them to
    compare to in case of an emergency
  • Normal ranges for adult horses are Pulse
    rate 30-42 beats per minute. Respiratory
    rate 12-20 breaths per minute. Rectal
    temperature 99.5' to 101.5 degrees F
  • If the horse's temperature exceeds 102.5  
    degrees F, contact your veterinarian immediately
  • Temperatures of over 103 degrees F  indicate
    serious disorder.
  • Capillary refill time (time it takes for color
    to return to gum tissue adjacent to teeth after
    pressing and releasing with your thumb) 2 seconds

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What is Normal?
  • Skin pliability - tested by pinching or folding
    a flap of neck skin and releasing
  • It should immediately snap back into place.
    Failure to do so is evidence of dehydration
  • Color of the mucous membranes (gums, nostrils,
    conjunctiva and inner lips of vulva should be
    pink
  • Bright red, pale pink to white, or bluish-purple
    coloring may indicate problems.
  • Color, consistency, and volume of feces and urine
    should be typical of that individual's usual
    excretions
  • Straining or failure to excrete should be noted
  • Signs of distress, anxiety or discomfort
  • Lethargy, depression or a horse that's
    "off-feed."
  • Presence or absence of gut sounds
  • Evidence of lameness such as head-bobbing,
    reluctance to move, odd stance, pain,  
    unwillingness to rise
  • Bleeding, swelling, evidence of pain
  • Seizures, paralysis, or "tying up" (form of
    muscle cramps that ranges in severity from mild
    stiffness to life-threatening illness

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First-Aid Kit
  • Cotton roll Contact bandage Cling
    wrap Gauze pads, assorted sizes Gauze
    wrap Adhesive wrap and adhesive tape Leg
    wraps Sharp scissors Hemostats Steel cup
    or container Rectal thermometer with string
    and clip attached
  • Material that should be sterile).

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First-Aid Kit
  • Surgical scrub and antiseptic solution
    Latex gloves Flashlight and spare batteries
    Permanent marker pen Pliers (to pull nails)
    6" diameter PVC tubing cut in half the long way
    (like a gutter) into lengths of 1-1 /2 to 2
    feet (for emergency splinting)

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Emergency Wound care
  • The sight of blood may unnerve you, but
    maintaining your presence of mind can save your
    horse's life
  • The initial steps you take to treat a wound can
    prevent further damage and speed healing
  • How you proceed will depend on your individual
    circumstances, and you must exercise good
    judgment. The following should be viewed as
    guidelines
  • 1. Catch and calm the horse to prevent further
    injury
  • 2. Move the horse to a stall or other familiar
    surroundings if this is possible without causing
    distress or further injury to the horse (hay.?)
  • -- 3. Get help before attempting to treat or
    evaluate a wound
  • It can be difficult and dangerous to try to
    inspect or clean the wound
  • without someone to help hold the horse

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Emergency Wound care
  • 4. Evaluate the location, depth, and severity of
    the wound
  • 5. Call your veterinarian for a recommendation
    anytime you feel your horse is in
  • need of more care than you can provide
  •     A. There appears to be excessive bleeding
        B. The entire skin thickness has been
    penetrated    C. The wound occurs near or over a
    joint    D. Any structures underlying the skin
    are visible    E. A puncture has occurred    
    F. A severe wound has occurred in the lower leg
    at or below knee or hock   G. The wound is
    severely contaminated.
  • 6. Consult with your veterinarian before
    you attempt to clean the wound or
  • remove debris or penetrating objects
  • - you may precipitate uncontrollable bleeding
    or do further damage
  • - large objects should be stabilized to avoid
    damaging movement if possible - don't put
    anything on the wound except a compress or cold
    water

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Emergency Wound care
  • 7. Stop the bleeding by covering the wound
    with a sterile, absorbent pad (not cotton),
  • applying firm, steady, even
    pressure to the wound
  • 8. Do not medicate or tranquilize the horse
    unless specifically directed by your    
    veterinarian. With severe blood loss or shock,
    certain drugs can be life-threatening
  • 9. If the eye is injured, do not attempt to
    treat. Await your veterinarian
  • 10. If a horse steps on a nail or other sharp
    object and it remains embedded in the hoof,   
    first clean the hoof. If your veterinarian
    advises, carefully remove the nail to prevent
    the    horse from stepping on it and driving
    it deeper into the hoof cavity. As you remove
    it, be     sure to mark the exact point and
    depth of entry with tape and/or a marker so
    the    veterinarian can assess the extent of
    damage. Apply antiseptic to the wound, and wrap
        to prevent additional contamination
  • 11. All horses being treated for lacerations or
    puncture wounds will require a tetanus   
    booster.
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