What is RFID?

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What is RFID?

• RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency
  waves to transfer data between a reader and a
  movable item to identify, categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require
  physical sight or contact between reader/scanner
  and the tagged item

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What is RFID

• Tag enters RF field
• RF signal powers tag
• Tag transmits ID, plus data
• Reader captures data
• Reader sends data to computer
• Computer determines action
• Computer instructs reader
• Reader transmits data to tag

Radio Frequency Identification
Label (Transponder)
Reader/Antenna (Interrogator)
Computer
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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The host is the software database...
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The RF module creates radio frequency (RF).
It receives and transmits RF through the antenna
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The RF module creates radio frequency (RF).
It receives and transmits RF through the antenna
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RFID Primer
Antenna
RF Module
Tag
Reader
Host Computer
Note Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the
antenna....
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RFID Primer
(Tag ID Communication)
Antenna
RF Module
Tag
Reader
Host Computer
Note The antenna captures the tag ID
numberfirst as analog RF waves, then it is
converted to digital information.
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An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database
Interrogation Unit
Micro
Tag
Antenna
Tx/Rx
Computer
Computer Network

• A sophisticated computing and communications
  device
• A wireless extension of Information Systems

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Inlays for RFID Tags for 13.56 Mhz
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Why use RFID ?

• To determine authentication of a package
• To provide automated traceability of an item

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Motivation of using RFID

• Generate Revenue
• Reduce operating costs

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The RFID Reader Anti-collision protocol
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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be read-only or read-write
• Tag memory can be factory or field programmed,
  partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more
  than 100,000 times

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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be attached to almost anything
• pallets or cases of product
• vehicles
• company assets or personnel
• items such as apparel, luggage, laundry
• people, livestock, or pets
• high value electronics such as computers, TVs,
  camcorders

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Are All Tags The Same?

• Basic Types
• Active
• Tag transmits radio signal
• Battery powered memory, radio circuitry
• High Read Range (300 feet)
• Passive
• Tag reflects radio signal from reader
• Reader powered
• Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)

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Are All Tags The Same?

• Variations
• Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512KBytes )
• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
• Type EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
• Arbitration (Anti-collision)
• Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time
• Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz
• Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes
• Price (0.50 to 250)

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Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation

• Read Only (Factory Programmed)
• WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
• Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
• Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)

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What is RFID? -- The Readers

• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point
  such as
• Entrance/exit
• Point of sale
• Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered,
  hand-held, or wireless

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing basic and
  ubiquitous
• Relative freedom from regulatory limitations
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data at slow speeds and
  minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood,
  aluminum)

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (iron, steel)
• Handles only small amounts of data
• Slow read speeds
• Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies
• Minimal Range

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Disadvantages
• Tag construction
• is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)
• is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)
• more complex (requires more turns of the
  induction coil)

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13.56 MHz

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous
  
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well
• Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil)
  lower costs to build
• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than
  higher MHz systems)
• Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

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13.56 MHz

• Disadvantages
• Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus
  Europe)
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (unless very thick)
• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)
• Larger tag size than higher frequencies
• Tag construction requires more than one surface
  to complete a circuit
• Minimal Range

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Bar Codes vs. RFID
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RFID Applications

• Petrol Service Stations
• In Singapore, the Mobil petrol service stations
  has already introduced RFID technology to
  implement their Speed Pass system to enable
  drivers to fill up the petrol and drive away.
  All information will be gathered automatically
  through RFID smart tags and customers bills can
  be settled through the net.

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RFID Application in Petrol Service Station

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RFID Application in a Factory Canteen

• it is very interesting to notice that in the
  factory canteens environment, RFID tags are
  attached at the bottom of the plates to identify
  the cooked food and its price.
• The staff of the factory need only to pick up the
  food on the tray and place the tray on top of a
  RFID reader.
• The RFID reader will identify the products and
  its price. The staff need only to place the cash
  card to pay for the food.

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Paperless Maintenance Senario at Frankfort Airport
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Configuration of RFID Antennas on doors in Metro
ware house
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Application in Smart Appliances
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Smart Appliances using RFID
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Advantage
Cooking a pizza
Forget about your pizza
Not Expired, Expired
Expiration
Cannot cook
Can cook
Healthy, Unhealthy
RFiD
Diet
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EPC meets pharmaceutical supply chain
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Case StudyLogistics processes at HP
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Privacy

• Privacy bit on tag
• Tags belong to consumers
• If privacy bit1 it will be invisible to readers
• Readers watch on each other private tag command
• What is blocker tag?

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The privacy bit

• Blocker tag command can prevent privacy
  violations before they occur
• A blocker effectively jams readers that emit
  private-read commands
• When it detects it, it simulates all possible
  RFID tags in the world rendering reader incapable

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Market Trend
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Inside a Smart Card

• Based on ISO 7816 standards
• -Define Card Size, Contact and internal code
  used
• Non volatile memory EEPROM
• IN/Out 9600 bits/second

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Smart Card classification

• Memory only Card( Contact or Contactless)
• Contact CPU Card
• Contactless CPU Card

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How many kinds of smart cards exist?

• -Contact smart card inserted into card reader

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• - Contactless Smart cards should be passed
  near an antenna to carry out transaction

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How can the SMART card help in new channels?
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Proprietary Smart Card Operating Systems

• Proprietary Chip OS developed in native code -
  specific to underlying silicon - to access chip
  functions. OS often dedicated to performing a
  single specific function e.g. EMV

Data
Data
Data
Data
E2
E2
ROM
ROM

• OS code is fixed in the ROM of the chip, and
  cannot be changed after the chip is made.

Chip Hardware A
Chip Hardware B

• Limited number of programmers able to make
  adaptations to proprietary OS impact on time to
  market if changes / new functions required.

• In order to multi-source silicon, native code
  must be redeveloped from scratch for new chip.

Chip Hardware A
Chip Hardware B
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MULTOS

• The only OS obtaining ITSEC(E6)
• Very secure
• Multi-application support
• Requires Coprocessor for RSA makes it expensive

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MULTOS The OPEN STANDARD smart card operating
system

• MULTOS defines a standard CHIP HARDWARE
  INDEPENDENT Smart Card Operating System
• Portable
• Develop applications ONCE and run on ANY MULTOS
  chip.
• Open
• Develop in C or Java and Compile. API FREELY
  available.

C Compiler
Java Compiler / Translator
MEL Editor
EMV
EMV

• Highest Hardware and OS Security Assurance
• ITSEC E6 High evaluated
• MULTOS SCHEME facilitates management of multiple
  applications
• Advanced Asymmetric Cryptographic mechanism

PKI
Application A
PKI
Application A
E2PROM
E2PROM
MULTOS API
MULTOS API
MULTOS VM
MULTOS VM

ROM

ROM
Infineon Silicon
Renesas Silicon
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HID MIFARE Card

• 13.56 MHz contactless card
• used for public transportation, access
  control,road toll, park ride, airline
  ticketing, customer loyalty and ID card

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Mifare features
Reader
Card
Unique Chip Serial Number
13.56 MHz Transmission ISO 14443
8Kbit EEPROM 16 independent sectors
Anticollision
Cryptography
Key Storage WOM
Protection by cryptographic algorithm
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Main applications

• Access Control
• Vehicle identification
• Electronic driver license
• Ski Passes
• Airline tickets
• Transportation buses, taxis underground
• Baggage Identification

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Contactless card reader

• Read/Write to contactless memory cards
• Utilizes Mifare technology
• Used in Access control to buildings

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Corporate Physical access control Strategy
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Proximity Solutions for MULTOS

• 2 types of MULTOS Dual-Interface cards
  supporting communication with the chip via both
  the contact plate and the contactless interface
  based on Proximity Standard - ISO 14443
• Hitachi/DNP Contactless MULTOS 36K EEPROM, Type
  B contactless interface, Available now
• Supports both versions of Paypass transaction
  (contactless M/Chip 4, or Contactless Track 2
  data) and in fact can execute ANY existing MULTOS
  application over the contactless interface.
• Keycorp / Philips Contactless MULTOS, 16K
  EEPROM, MIFARE Type A contactless interface,
  Prototypes available now
• Supports Mifare ticketing only. Full contactless
  MULTOS application execution planned for Q3 2004

250K issued for Japan Residential ID card
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Cost

• RFID readers 1000
• Tags gt 20 cents.
• Active tags 1-5
• Tags will become cost effective when production
  inlay very high
• Only handful of quality suppliers

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Cost continue

• Production methods and materials used to build
  RFID inlays being defined
• Tag antennas metallic, very expensive and large
  size
• Chip less Tags much cheaper .1-10 cents

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Future of RFID Tags

• Low cost active tags for locating tracking
  objects with limited no of readers
• Higher frequencies Tags developed at Siemens
  lab 2.5-24 Ghz, have batteries and range extend
  to several kilometers

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Future continue

• Recently, Ultra WIDE BAND (ubw) can locate
  objects in 2 3 dimensions within few inches
• Marketed for asset tracking in hospitals
• The size of wristwatch, 40 grams
• Indoor range 300 feet

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Future Science Fiction

• Transparent packages will light up in moving
  color advertisement
• Disposable smart labels will detect viruses and
  specific chemicals

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References

• www.rfidjournal.com
• RFID book by Steven Shepard, McGraw-Hill
  2005-ISBN-0-07-144299-5
• www.gs1uk.org
• RFID Field Guide Deploying Radio Frequency
  Identification systems By Manish
  Bhuptani-ISBN-0-13-185355-4