Preview

1
The Growth of Monarchies

• Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The English Monarchy
• Faces of History Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Other European Monarchies
• Map The Holy Roman Empire

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The Growth of Monarchies
Main Idea The power of kings grew and the nature
of monarchy changed across Europe in the early
Middle Ages.

• Reading Focus
• How did the power of the English monarchy grow
  and change?
• How did kings increase their powers in the other
  monarchies of Europe?

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The English Monarchy
England was one of the first countries in Europe
to develop a strong central monarchy. Under the
Anglo-Saxons, who first unified the country, and
then under the Normans, who conquered the
Anglo-Saxons, the English kings exercised
considerable power.
Alfred drove the Viking forces north of London to
what became the Danelaw, a territory under Viking
control.
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The Norman Conquest

• Alfreds descendants ruled England for most of
  next two centuries
• 1066, king died without heir two men claimed
  throne Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman from
  England William, duke of Normandy in France
• Supported by English nobility, Harold named new
  king

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• Domesday Book
• William ordered survey taken to learn more about
  kingdom
• Wanted to know who lived in each part of England,
  what they owned, how much they could afford to
  pay in taxes
• Resulting in Domesday Book, used to create
  central tax system for England

• French Culture
• William, Normans introduced elements of French
  culture into England
• Most of Englands new nobles born in France,
  spoke French, practiced French customs
• Most of lower classes kept old Anglo-Saxon
  language, habits

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The English in France
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Magna Carta
By about 1200 the power of the English king
started to worry some nobles. They feared kings
would abuse their powers.
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Parliament

• Dissatisfaction
• Magna Carta addressed many concerns, but some
  nobles still not satisfied
• King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes
  of which they disapproved
• 1260s, nobles began another rebellion to obtain
  say in how kingdom was run

• Parliament
• As part of agreement to end rebellion, king
  agreed to meet with members of nobility, clergy,
  middle class to discuss key issues facing country
• Resulting council developed into English
  governing body, Parliament

• Powers
• For several years the powers of Parliament
  remained undefined
• Edward I one of first kings to clarify role of
  Parliament, work effectively with governing body

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Central Government Strengthened

• 1295, Parliament summoned by Edward included
  nobles, clergy, representatives from every
  English county, town
• Had power to create new taxes, advise king on
  lawmaking, royal policy
• Edward strengthened Englands central government,
  reformed system of laws
• Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening
  monarchy, not limiting it kept Parliament in
  secondary role to power of king

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Summarize How did Magna Carta and Parliament
change the English monarchy?
Answer(s) reduced the king's power, formed a
council (Parliament) that would create new taxes
and advise the king on lawmaking
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Other European Monarchies
The changes in the English monarchy were unique.
During the Middle Ages, kings in other European
countries also worked to gain more power, but
their experiences were different from those of he
English rulers.
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Holy Roman Empire

• Empire Split
• Emperor Charlemagne had unified most of western
  Europe into one empire
• After his death, the empire split into two parts
• Western part became France eastern part became
  known as Germany

• Germany
• France remained somewhat unified under one king
• Germany separated into several small states, each
  with own ruler, or duke
• 936, Otto the Great gained enough support to
  become king of the Germans

• Otto
• Worked to unite German lands, conquered parts of
  northern Italy
• 962, aided Pope John XII, rewarded by being named
  Emperor of the Romans
• Territories united under Otto became known as
  Holy Roman Empire

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Description of Empire

• Holy Roman Empire
• Called holy because empire had popes support
• Called Roman because Charlemagne had title
  Emperor of the Roman People

• Holy Roman Emperors
• Made decisions, passed laws with help of dukes
• Dukes maintained full authority on own lands

• Emperors Elected
• 1100s, Holy Roman emperors did not inherit
  position, were elected upon death of emperor
• Group of electorsdukes, archbishopschose
  successor

• Crowned by Pope
• Person chosen by electors had to travel to Rome
• Pope had to crown new emperor before his power
  fully recognized

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Spain and Portugal

• Growth of monarchy in Spain, Portugal coupled
  with religious struggles
• Today the two countries share Iberian Peninsula,
  which had been conquered by Muslims in early 700s
• Muslims, called Moors by Christians, built
  powerful state centered in city of Cordoba.
• Christians ruled only few kingdoms in far
  northern part of peninsula

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Victory over Moors

• Victories
• Together three Iberian kingdoms won victory after
  victory over Moors
• Early 1100s, Portuguese drove Moors completely
  out of their lands, established Kingdom of
  Portugal

• Pushing South
• Rulers of Aragon and Castile continued to push
  south, captured Cordoba 1236
• Christians pushed Moors almost all the way out of
  Spain within a few years
• Moors not driven completely off Iberian Peninsula
  until 1492

• Modern Spain
• Modern Spain has origins in late 1400s
• Royal marriage between rulers of Aragon and
  Castile united two kingdoms
• Combining countries and power, they ruled one of
  strongest countries in Europe

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Analyze How did rulers in France, the Holy Roman
Empire, and Spain gain power?
Answer(s) by acquiring new land and territories
through alliances, marriage, and conquest