Sentences

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Sentences
Run-ons/Fragments Phrases/Clauses Types of
Sentences
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• Fragments/Run-ons

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Sentence Definition

• A sentence is a complete thought.
• It contains at least one subject and one
  predicate (verb).
• It can stand by itself and still make sense!
• Example The river has created many magnificent
  canyons.

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Fragments

• A fragment is a part of a sentence.
• It may lack a subject or a predicate (verb)
• It is NOT a complete thought
• Example After the game was over.
• Example Sitting in the small car.

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Run-on

• Two or more sentences separated by just a comma
  or no punctuation
• EX The Mayflower landed in 1620 it had 102
  passengers.
• EX The bell rang summer was finally here.

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How to Correct a Run-on

• Run on The Mayflower landed in 1620 it had 102
  passengers.
• Make separate sentences
• The Mayflower landed in 1620. It had 102
  passengers.
• Add a comma and a conjunction
• The Mayflower landed in 1620, and it had 102
  passengers.
• Add a semicolondo NOT capitalize the letter
  after the semicolon
• The Mayflower landed in 1620 it had 102
  passengers.

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• Phrases and Clauses

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Phrases

• A phrase is a group of words that functions as a
  single part of speech in a sentence.
• Phrases do not have a subject and predicate
  (verb).
• Example I just read an excellent book about
  tornadoes.
• about tornadoes is a prepositional phrase that
  acts as an adjective

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Adjective Phrases

• Adjective Phrases modify the noun by telling what
  kind or which one.
• Example It rattled the windows in the room.
• in the room tells which windows

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Adjective Phrases TRY IT!

• The sound of the wind scared us.
• Prepositional Phrase
• What noun does it modify?

of the wind
sound
Because of the wind is a phrase that modifies a
noun, it is called an adjective phrase.
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Adjective Phrases TRY IT!

• There was a smell of rain in the air.
• Prepositional Phrases
• What noun is modified?

of rain, in the air
smell
Because of rain and in the air are a phrases
that modify a noun, they are called adjective
phrases.
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Adverb phrases

• An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
  modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb.
• Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what
  way, or to what extent.

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Adverb Phrase Example

• During the storm, ranchers chased the herd.
• During the storm is an adverb phrase that tells
  when they chased the herd.

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Adverb Phrases TRY IT!

• Rain fell across the country .
• Prepositional Phrase
• What is being modified?

across the country
where it fell
Because across the country is a phrase that
modifies a verb, it is called an adverb phrase.
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Adjective or Adverb Phrase?

• Try these next examples and determine if there is
  an adjective phrase or adverb phrase.

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The woman at the store gave me an umbrella.

• Adjective phrase

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He ran into the house to get out of the storm.

• Adverb phrase

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The clouds gathered and darkened at a rapid rate.

• Adverb phrase

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The town on the southern tip of Alabama got the
most rain.

• Adjective phrase

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Clauses

• A clause is a group of words with its own subject
  and verb.
• A clause may be a complete sentence
  (independent/main clause) OR
• A clause may not be a complete sentence
  (dependent/subordinate clause)

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• Sentence Structure

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The simple sentence(a.k.a. independent clause)

• A simple sentence is made up of ONE independent
  clause.
• S V
• She washed the car.
• S S V
• Tim and his brother are traveling to Mexico.
• S V V
• Carla will clean and iron all her clothes for the
  trip.

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Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence is made up of TWO independent
  clauses joined by a comma and coordinating
  (FANBOYS) conjunction or a semi-colon.
• EX The ride lasted for several minutes, but my
  stomach continued to rumble for several hours.
• EXThe wind whipped against our faces, and the
  screams of other riders excited us.
• EXThe roller coaster is such fun its very
  popular.

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A compound sentence is a sentence with two or
more simple sentences joined by these
conjunctions

• F for
• A and
• N nor
• B but
• O or
• Y yet
• S so

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Combining simple sentences

• We will be absent from school on Friday.
• We will be here on Monday.
• We will be absent from school on Friday, but we
  will be here on Monday.

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Combine the following sentences

• Henry is the tallest student in his class
• He has a brother who is taller than him.
• Henry is the tallest student in his class, yet he
  has a brother who is taller than him.

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The Complex Sentence

• A complex sentence is made up of ONE independent
  clause and at least one dependent clause.
• EX Until you put more money on your account, you
  will have to eat a cheese sandwich at lunch.
• EX Darryl looked after my dog while I was away.
• EX Bring your backpack when you come to school
  today.

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To find a subordinate clause, start by looking
for subordinating conjunctions.

• After
• Although
• As
• as if
• Because
• Before
• even if
• even though
• If
• in order to

• Since
• Though
• Unless
• Until
• Whatever
• When
• whenever
• Whether
• while

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Combining Complex Sentences

• Well need to leave early
• Since the traffic is backed up
• Well need to leave early since the traffic is
  backed up
• Since the traffic is backed up, well need to
  leave early.

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• When there is ice on the sidewalk
• She always falls down.
• She always falls down when there is ice on the
  sidewalk.
• When there is ice on the sidewalk, she always
  falls down.

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Compound Complex Sentences

• A compound complex sentence is made up of more
  than one independent clause and at least one
  dependent (subordinate) clause.
• Independent Independent Dependent
• EX Although I like to go camping, I havent been
  lately, and I havent found anyone to go with me.
  
• EX Even though he prefers to eat with a fork, he
  chooses to use chopsticks in Chinese restaurants,
  but they aren't easy to use.
• EX Here is the money that I owe you, and I am
  happy to be free of debt.

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Compound-Complex

• The package arrived in the morning
• The courier left
• Before I could check the contents
• The package arrived in the morning, but the
  courier left before I could check the contents.

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Simple, Compound, or Complex?

• 1. My team plays tomorrow and Wednesday.
• Simple

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2. Lynette was determined to ride the
rollercoaster, so she waited in line.

• Compound -coordinating conjunction so

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3. Helen and her mother always pack extra food
for the trip.

• Simple

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4. John went to school, but James remained at
home because he had a sore throat.

• Compound Complex
• coordinating conjunction but
• Subordinating conjunction because

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5. Unless we find the key, we wont be able to
see whats inside.

• Complex subordinating conjunction unless

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6. Melanie forgot her lunch, so she called her
mother.

• Compound Coordinating conjunction so

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7. We were frightened because the ride went so
fast.

• Complex subordinating conjuntion because

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8. The man in the old house across the street
planted a beautiful garden in his backyard.

• Simple (lots of prepositional phrases)

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9. Those clouds promise rain we should hurry
before we get caught in a flash flood.

• Compound Complex
• Semi-colon
• Subordinating conjunction before

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10. You can cry like a baby, or you can clean
your room like an adult.

• Compound coordinating conjunction or