CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER 12 NOTES

• KONICHEK

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• I.Science- The organized study of events in the
  universe.
• A. Universe- all matter, space, time, and
  energy
• B. Event- a happening along the timline of
  the universe- obeys Entropy
• II.Branches of science
• A. Life sciences- the biological related
  sciences
• B. Earth sciences- geology/ meteorology
• C. Physical sciences- chemistry and physics
• 1. Chemistry- the study of how matter
  reacts
• 2. Physics- The study of the interactions
  between matter and energy
• a. Branch of knowledge, which
  studies the physical world
• From atoms to the universe

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• III Character of a physicist
• A. Inquisitive people- wondering why things do
  what they are doing.
• 1. Make observations then try to find
  the causes for their observations
• 2. Observations lead to powerful conclusions
  through experimentation

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• Scientific method- the orderly way scientist
  searches for answers.
• A. Steps of the scientific method. - Provides a
  guideline for research
• 1. Observe and state the problem
• 2. Analyze the problem
• 3. Hypothesis- an educated guess
• 4. Controlled experiment- many trials, many
  controls, one variable
• 5 conclusions- based on the observations and the
  experiment
• 6. Repeat the procedure- provides validity of the
  data

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So math finally has a purpose

• I. Tool of the physicist is mathematics
• A. Should be able to do mathematical
  manipulations of an equation to solve for an
  unknown.
• 1. In this class algebra 2 is recommended.
• 2. College physics requires calculas

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• II. Metric system- French scientist 1795
• A. Based on units of 10
• 1. SI-international system of units- these
  are uniform throughout the world.
• A, Length. Mass and time are
  fundamental units
• 1. Lengthmeter- defined as the
  multiple of wavelength of light given off by
  krypton-86
• 2. Mass kilogram- mass of a
  platinum- iridium cylinder near Paris
• 3. Time second-1967 defined as
  "radiation emitted by a cesium-133 atom"
• 2. Derived units-these are combinations
  of fundamental units (m/s), Kgm/s2

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• III. Scientific notation- Based on exponential
  powers
• A. Easier to work with. Makes very large or
  very small numbers manageable
• 1. The numerical part is expressed as a
  number between 1 and 10, and that is multiplied
  by some power of 10
• B.Rules for scientific notation
• 1. The decimal point is after the first
  figure.
• 2. Count the number of places the
  decimal had to move and that is the exponential
• a. If the decimal moved left the
  exponent will be positive, if the decimal moved
  right the exponent is negative

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HERE THEY ARE

• IV. Prefixes used with SI (page 17)
• A. Based on powers of 10.
• 1) TETRA- 1012
• 2) GIGA- 109
• 3) MEGA 106
• 4) KILO 103
• 5) HECT 102
• 6) DEKA 101
• 7) BASE 100
• 8) DECI 10-1
• 9) CENTI 10-2
• 10) MILLI 10-3
• 11) MICRO 10-6
• 12) NANO 10-9
• 13) PICO 10-12

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• V. Operations in Scientific notation
• A. Adding or subtracting- always makes sure
  that both of the numbers have the same exponents.
• B. Multiplying- Multiply the integers
  together, then add the exponents
• C Dividing- Divide the integers then
  subtract the bottom exponent from the top.

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• VI. Certainties- measurements have a degree of
  uncertainty- can't be avoided
• A. Caused by external circumstances
• 1. The angle an object is read from-
  Parallax
• a. Parallax is the apparent shift
  in position from the reference point.

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• B. Accuracy and precision
• 1. Precision- the degree of exactness
  to which the measurement of a quantity can be
  reproduce. Limit presented by the measuring
  device
• a. Trial 1 3.00x108 m/s
• b. Trial 2 3.02x108m/s
• c. Ave 3.001x108m/s
• d. Reported 3.001x108
  .001m/s
• Precision was .001m/s
• 2. Accuracy- The limit to which
  the measured value agrees to the standard value.

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• VII. Significant digits- the number of digits,
  which are valid for any measurement.
• A. Rules for sig figs
• 1. Nonzero digits are always
  significant
• 2. All final zero after the decimal
  point are significant
• 3. Zero between to significant figures
  are significant
• 4. Zeros used solely for the purpose
  of spacing decimal point are not significant.
• B. The number in the problem can be no
  more precise than the least precise measurement.

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• VIII. Displaying data.
• A. Line graph- most often used graph to
  record data
• 1. Independent variable-This variable
  does not change as a result to anything
• a. Time-X-Axis
• 2. Dependant Variable- this is a
  variable, which responds to the values of the
  independent variable
• a. Distance- Y-axis

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• IX. Plotting points
• A. Identify the dependant and independent
  variables
• 1. Independent is on the X- axis
• 2. Dependant is on the Y- axis

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• B. Determine the range of variables to be
  plotted.
• C. Determine if the origin is needed.
• D. Number and label the axis
• E. Plot the points
• F. Draw the best possible straight line or
  smooth curve that passes through as many points
  as possible...it's not dot-to-dot.
• G. Give the graph a title that clearly
  represents the graph.

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• X. Linear, quadratic and inverse functions
• A. Linear- a straight-line function
• 1. yMxb
• a. M slope of the line or
• 1.m Y2-Y1/ X2-X1
• B. Quadratic relationships- Y kX2
• C. inverse relationships- Y1/x or kxy

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• XI. manipulation for unknowns-
• X. Units-This will determine if the problem is
  done correctly when all the units go away and you
  end up with the units its suppose to be.