AC%20Indicating%20Instruments

1
???????????????????????????? AC Indicating
Instruments
??????? ??????????
2
????????????????????????????

• ????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????

- ???????????????? (AC Voltmeter) ????
???????????????????????????? (Rectifier
Instrument)
- ???????????????????????????????????
(Electrodynamometer)
- ????????????????????????????????? (Iron-Vane
Moving Coil Meter)
- ??????????????????????????? (Thermocouple Meter)
- ?????????????????????? (Electrostatic Meter)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????????????????? DC ??? AC
AC Signal
DC Signal
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????? (Amplitude)
  ?????? (Direction) ?????????? (Frequency)
  ?????????? (Time Period)

• ???????????????????????? ???? Sine Wave,
  Triangle Wave, Square Wave, Pulse ??? Spike

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????????????????????
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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????????????????????
Vm
Im
i ??????? v ???????
7
????????????????????????? 1 ??? (Instantaneous 1
phase Voltage Generation)
8
??? ??? v ??? ??? v
0 0o 0 V 7 210o -0.5 V
1 30o 0.5 V 8 240o -0.866 V
2 60o 0.866 V 9 270o - 1.0 V
3 90o 1.0 V 10 300o -0.866 V
4 120o 0.866 V 11 330o -0.5 V
5 150o 0.5 V 12 360o 0 V
6 180o 0
9
????????????????????????? 3 ??? (Instantaneous 3
phase Voltage Generation)
????? 3 ??? ???????????????????? 120 o
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
10
????????????????????????

• ????????????????????????? ?????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? 3 ????

1. ???????????? (Peak to Peak)
2. ????????? (Average Value)
3. ????????????? (Root Mean Square, RMS)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
11
???????????? (Peak to Peak, Ep-p)

• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? (Maximum Value)

Ep-p ?????? Peak 2 Peak
12
????????? (Average Value, Eav)

• ???????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????
??????????????????
13
???????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????? 1 ??? (T) ????????? AC
  ? 0

• ??? Eav ?? 1 ???????????? AC ???????????? 0

14
????????????? (Root Mean Square, Erms)

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???????????? rms
  ?????????????????????????????

• ??? rms ??? f (t) ??????? t2 t1 ???

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????????????? sine wave ?????
rms ???????
16
(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
????????????? (Form Factor)

• ???????????? ??? rms ??? ????????? ??????????????

??????????????????????
?????????????????????
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
20
?????????????????????????????????? AC Indicating
Voltage Meter
21
???????????????? (AC Voltmeter)

• ??????????????????????????? DArsonval
  ???????????????????????????? (DC) ????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????

• ?????????? AC ??????? DC ????????????????????
  (Rectifier Circuit)

• ????????? AC Meter ????????? DC Meter
  (????????????????)

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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?????????????? (Rectifier)

• ???????? (Diode) ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????? 2 ????
  ???

1. ??????????????????????????? (Half Wave
Rectifier)
2. ?????????????????????????? (Full Wave
Rectifier)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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????? (Diode)

• ??????????????????????????????? p - n
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????

A
K
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????
A
K
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????????????????
Half Wave
AC signal
Full Wave
26
???????????????????????????????????
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? 2 ???

1. ?????????????????? (Center Tab Transformer)

2. ????????? (Bridge)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? ()
????? ??? ????????????????
?????????? (-)
32
??????????????????????????????????

• ????????? (Bridge)

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? ()
????? ??? ????????????????
?????????? (-)
34
??????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????????????????? DC ???????
?????????????????????????????
Low pass Filter
37
????????????????????????????
??????????????? DC ???????
38
??????????????????????????????????????? (Half
Wave Rectifier AC Voltmeter)
??????????????? PMMC
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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????????? ???????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????? (Rd) ??? ?????? (Vd)
  ???????????????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  (VP, IP)

Vm
Vm
Im
???????????????????? v ??? i ?????????
40
?????????????? ()
?????
Half Wave
(ac)
(dc)
41
?????? VP , IP ?????
???
?????
42
???????????????????????????? (Half Bridge)
???????? (DC)
????????? (AC)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? 1
???????????????????????????????? AC Voltmeter
????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?? 10 V
10 Vrms
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???
?????
45
??????????? 1
????????????????? ?????????????????? AC
Voltmeter ??????????????????????? ???? 10 V, 50 V
??? 100 V
????
1. ??? Rs1, Rs2 ??? Rs3
2. ?????????????????????????
46
???? V110
???? V150
47
???? V1100
V1
Rm Rs1
??????????? ??????????????
V2
Rm Rs1 Rs2
V3
Rm Rs1 Rs2 Rs3
48
????????????????????????? AC
49
???????????????????? ??? 3 ??

• ????????????? (D2) ??????????????????????????
  (Reverse Current) ???????? D1

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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???????????? ???????????????????????????????
51
(No Transcript)
52
??????????? 2
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ????????????????? 10
Vrms ?????????
1) ??? Rs
2) ??? Sac ??? Sdc
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
56
???????
?????
57
?? Sac ??? Sdc
58
AC Voltmeter ????????????? ??????????? 3 ??
???????????
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? 3
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ???????????????? 30 Vrms
??? 50 Vrms ?????????????????????????? Rs1 ??? Rs2
100
60

• ????????????????????????????? ??????????? 2

??????? V1 30 Vrms
61
(No Transcript)
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??????? V2 50 Vrms
IT ????????
63
?????????????????????????????????????? (Full Wave
Rectifier AC Voltmeter)

• ?????????????? Half Wave ????????????????????

• ????????? Bridge ?????????? ?????????????????????
  ?

- ???? input ???????? ?????????? D2 ??? D4
- ???? input ??????? ?????????? D3 ??? D1
64
????????? ??????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????? (Rd) ??? ?????? (Vd)
  ???????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????? (VP, IP)

Vm
Vm
Im
???????????????????? v ??? i ?????????
65
?????????????? () ??? ????????????? (-)
?????
Full Wave
(ac)
(dc)
66
?????? VP , IP ?????
???
?????
67
???????????????????????????? (Full Bridge)
???????? (DC)
????????? (AC)
Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? !!!

• ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? rms
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????? sine
  ????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????? Form Factor ????????????????

Piyadanai Pachanapan, 303251 Electrical
Instruments Measurements, EECPE, NU
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??????????? 4
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ????????????????? 10
Vrms ?????????
1) ??? Rs
2) ??? Sac ??? Sdc
70
(No Transcript)
71
?? Sac ??? Sdc
72
??????????? 5
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ?????????????????????????
? Rs ???????????????????
73
(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
75
(No Transcript)
76
?? Sac ??? Sdc
77
??????????? 6
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ???????????????? 30 Vrms
??? 50 Vrms ?????????????????????????? Rs1 ??? Rs2
78
???? 10 Vrms
79
(No Transcript)
80
(No Transcript)
81
???? 30 Vrms
82
(No Transcript)
83
?? Sac ??? Sdc
???????? Sac ??????
???? 10 V
???? 30 V
84
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? (Half Bridge Full Wave Rectifier AC Voltmeter)

• ???????????????????????????? AC ???????
  (???????????????????)

• ???????????????????? AC ??????????

- ??? R3 ??? R4 ???????????
85
????????? Half Bridge Full Wave
????????
???????
86
??????????? 7
???? AC Voltmeter ?????? ???????????????? 100
Vrms ??????? Rs ??????????????????????????? ??????
87
R3 R4
????????????????
88
???????????? AC Voltmeter (Loading Effect of AC
Voltage)

• ????????? AC Voltmeter ??????? Half Wave ???
  Full Wave ????????????????? DC Voltmeter

• ?????????????????? AC Voltmeter ??????????? DC
  Voltmeter

89
??????????? 8
????????????? ?????????????? 10 V ?????????
90
?????????

1. ?????????????? VR2 ?????????? DC Voltmeter
   ????????????????? A ??????????????????????????????
   ??????

2. ?????????????? VR2 ?????????? AC Voltmeter ???
Half Wave????????????????? B ?????????????????????
???????????????
3. ?????????????? VR2 ?????????? AC Voltmeter ???
Full Wave????????????????? B ?????????????????????
???????????????
91

• ?? VR2 ?????????????????????

VR2 -
92

• ?? VR2 ???????????? DC Voltmeter

Rin
???
93
VR2 -

• ?????????????????????????? DC Voltmeter

94

• ?? VR2 ???????????? Half Wave AC Voltmeter

Rin
???
95
VR2 -

• ?????????????????????????? DC Voltmeter

96

• ?? VR2 ???????????? Full Wave AC Voltmeter

Rin
???
97
VR2 -

• ?????????????????????????? DC Voltmeter

98
???????????????????????????????? AC Indicating
Ampere Meter
99
????????????????????????????? (Rectifier AC
Ammeter)

• ????????????????????? (Current Transformer)
  ?????
• - ?????????????????????????????????????

- ??????????????????????????????????????
100
Precision Resistance
???????????????????????????
??????????
??????
s secondary (?????????)
p primary (???????)
101
??????????? 9
??? AC Ammeter ????? ????????????? Ifs
?????????????????? ?????????????????? Ns2000,
Np5 ??? Ip100 mA
102
??????? Is
?????

• ?????????? Ifs ??? Form Factor

???? Full Wave
?????
103
??????????? 9
??? AC Ammeter ????? ????????????? RL
??????????????? Ns2000, Np5 Ip100 mA , Ifs
1mA
????????? Si (Vd 0.7 V)
104
????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????

105

• ?????????????????????????????????

• ??????????? rms ????????????????

106

• ??????? rms ?????????? ??? Form Factor

• ??????? rms ?????????????????????

107

• ?????????? IL ??? RL

108
???????????????????????????? (Clamp On AC
Ammeter)

• ??????????????????????????????????????

- ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
??
- ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
??????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????? Rectifier
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????????

• ?????????????????????????????

109
(No Transcript)
110
(No Transcript)
111
?? 3 ???? ??? Ohmmeter, Ammeter ??? Voltmeter
112
(No Transcript)
113
????????????????????????? Clamp On