The Colonies Grow

1
The Colonies Grow

• Between 1607 and 1775 an estimated 690,000
  Europeans 278,000 Africans came to live in the
  colonies.

2
Texas 8th grd US History TEKS

• (2) (B) compare political, economic, religious,
  and social reasons for the establishment of the
  13 English colonies.
• (3) (A) explain the reasons for the growth of
  representative government and institutions during
  the colonial period
• (B) analyze evaluate the importance of the
  Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Orders of
  Connecticut, and the Virginia House of Burgesses
  to the growth of representative government and
• (C) describe how religion and virtue contributed
  to the growth of representative government in the
  American colonies.
• 12) Economics. The student understands why
  various sections of the United States developed
  different patterns of economic activity. The
  student is expected to
• (A) identify economic differences among different
  regions of the United States
• (B) explain reasons for the development of the
  plantation system, the transatlantic slave
  Atlantic triangular growth of the slave trade,
  and the spread of slavery
• (15) Government. The student understands the
  American beliefs and principles reflected in the
  Declaration of Independence, the U.S.
  Constitution , and other important historic
  documents. The student is expected to
• (A) identify the influence of ideas from historic
  documents, including the Magna Carta, the English
  Bill of Rights, the Mayflower Compact, The Wealth
  of Nations, the Declaration of Independence, the
  Federalist Papers, and selected anti-federalist
  writings, on the U.S. system of government

3
New England Colonies New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island

• Made up of small towns that were well-organized
  with a church in the center.
• The soil was hard and rocky and the winters were
  cold and long, leading to little to no cash-crop
  farming.
• Subsistence farming (just enough to survive) was
  common.
• The primary industries were fishing,
  shipbuilding, timber, whaling, and merchant
  trade.
• The population was predominantly white, of
  English ancestry, and of the Puritan religion.

4
Middle Colonies

• More fertile soil than New England and milder
  winters led to a longer growing season with cash
  crops of grains, fruits, and vegetables.
• Became known as the breadbasket colonies.
• Many industries, mainly such as skilled labor
  like carpentry and iron works as well as merchant
  trade. Largest cities were New York City and
  Philadelphia.
• Immigrants from many different countries in
  Europe created the most diverse region of the
  colonies.
• Religions here were very diverse including
  Puritan Christians, Quakers, Catholics, and Jews.

5
Southern Colonies

• Rich soil and warm climate leads to year-round
  farming and little or no industry.
• The Triangular Trade was a route between the
  Americas, Europe, and Africa. Most African slaves
  arrived on the Middle Passage.
• Tobacco was the main cash crop in Virginia, NC,
  and Maryland, increasing the need for African
  slaves. Too much tobacco production caused
  prices to fall.
• South Carolina Primary cash crops were rice and
  indigo. Rice paddies were knee-deep under water,
  exposing the slaves to sun and mosquitoes.
• The majority of the population was made up of
  Anglicans from England along with a large
  population of African Slaves.
• Slaves could be whipped, hanged, punished if
  family ran away. They could be sold away from
  their family at any time.
• Most Southerners were not slaveholders but
  believed it was necessary for the economy.

6
Slavery and Free Blacks

• As the number of plantations in the south grew,
  so did the number of slaves that were needed to
  work their fields of tobacco, rice, sugar cane,
  indigo, and later cotton.
• There was a small number of actual free blacks
  throughout the colonies.
• Most had obtained their freedom by buying it from
  their masters, some were set free by their
  masters or by their masters will (manumission).
• Many free blacks in the north were former runaway
  slaves.
• Free blacks did not have the same rights as
  whites.
• They couldnt vote, most were not allowed to
  attend any type of school, they couldnt own
  guns, nor be preachers.
• This may surprise you Some free blacks actually
  owned their own black slaves!

7
Foundations of English Government

• Two principles influence the English government
• Limited Government
• Representative Government
• In the year 1215 King John of England, a
  Crusader, was forced to give up much royal power
  in signing the Magna Carta.
• The Magna Carta protected the nobles against
  unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty,
  property.
• This marks the first time a kings power was
  limited by the people he ruled.
• The Magna Carta will serve as an inspiration for
  the American colonists as they fight for their
  independence and form their own government.
• "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned,
  disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way
  destroyed, nor will We proceed against or
  prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of
  his peers and by the law of the land."

8
The English Bill of Rights (1689)

• In 1689 William Mary became the new king and
  queen of England. This became known as the
  Glorious Revolution.
• Before they could start their reign, they had to
  sign the English Bill of Rights.
• This gave English citizens many basic rights,
  including no taxation without representation and
  trial by jury.
• The colonists believed that as English citizens,
  those rights extend across the ocean to the
  American colonies.
• Some of the rules in the English Bill of Rights
  (sound familiar?)
• the pretended power of suspending of laws, or the
  execution of laws by regal authority,
  without consent of Parliament, is illegal.
  (Parliament is like our Congress)
• the raising or keeping a standing army within the
  kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with
  consent of Parliament, is against law.
• the subjects which are Protestants may have arms
  for their defence suitable to their conditions,
  and as allowed by law.
• excessive bail ought not to be required, nor
  excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual
  punishments inflicted.

9
What England Wants

• England uses the colonies for its raw materials.
  They turn those raw materials into finished
  goods. This was basic mercantilism.
• Mercantilism the economic system used by
  European colonial nations to get rich and
  powerful.
• 1. colonies provide raw materials for the mother
  country
• 2. the mother country turns the raw materials
  into finished goods
• 3. it then sells the goods back to the colonies
  and other nations
• 4. the main goal is to increase a countrys gold
  supply
• England wants to ensure that only they benefit
  from all trade with the American colonies.
• To ensure this, they pass the Navigation Acts.
  This forces the colonies to only transport goods
  in English ships to England.
• The colonies are not allowed to trade with other
  countries. This angers the colonists and leads to
  colonial smuggling.

10
The Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening happened between the 1720s
  and 1740s, starting in England then spreading to
  the American colonies.
• Causes many Christians became unsatisfied with
  the laziness of the established churches and
  their authority over their people.
• Revival preachers such as George Whitfield and
  Jonathan Edwards preached about an angry God and
  urged the people to reject their lazy church
  leaders and return to their strong faith of
  earlier days.
• Effects it encouraged Americans to question and
  even reject the authority of individuals that
  were not working in their best interest, whether
  in religion or in government.
• Another result was the creation of several new
  Christian churches such as the Baptists,
  Methodists, and Presbyterians.

11
Education in the Colonies

• Education was very important in the New England
  colonies. It was necessary to learn to read so
  you could read the Bible.
• As in Europe, the few Americans that could read
  were either religious figures or members of the
  wealthy aristocrats. The majority of Americans
  couldnt read.
• Colleges were originally founded for the purpose
  of training ministers.
• The first college in the colonies was Harvard, in
  Massachusetts. The second was William Mary, in
  Virginia.

12
The Enlightenment and Freedom of the Press

• The Enlightenment began in the mid-1700s.
• It was a period when people began to believe that
  reason, knowledge, science could improve
  society.
• It was influenced by the writings and ideas of
  European philosophers such as John Locke
  (consent of the governed) and Montesquieu
  (separation of powers, checks and balances).
• Famous Americans that were members of this
  movement were Benjamin Franklin, Washington,
  Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Thomas Paine.
• In 1735 John Peter Zenger, a German immigrant and
  newspaper writer, was arrested and charged with
  libel for writing critical articles about the
  royal governor of New York.
• At his trial, a jury found him not guilty. This
  became an important step toward freedom of the
  press in the colonies.

13
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)France vs.
Great Britain

• Fought in North America but later became part of
  the Seven Years War, a worldwide war between
  France and Great Britain.
• They are competing for resources, particularly
  rich hunting territories, in the Ohio River
  Valley.
• Native American support is vital to both sides.
• French have better relations with the Native
  Americans but the powerful Iroquois tribe joins
  the British, upsetting the balance.
• American colonists, considering themselves
  British citizens, fight with the British army
  against the French.

14
Introducing George Washington

• George Washington, a young American officer, is
  sent by the British to monitor and keep French
  soldiers from western Virginia.
• Washington finds a small French force and attacks
  them. After a battle, the French surrender.
• Expecting a larger French force to attack,
  Washington has his men build Fort Necessity.
• The French attack Washington at Fort Necessity
  and force him to surrender but is allowed to
  leave.
• Upon his return, many viewed him as a military
  hero for striking the first blow on the French.
• Serving under British General Edward Braddock,
  Washington and a large British army attempt to
  attack the French at Fort Duquesne but instead
  are attacked and defeated by French and Indian
  forces in the forest. Why?

15
Albany Plan of Union

• After attacks from Indians allied with the
  French, Benjamin Franklin calls for a meeting of
  representatives from the colonies in Albany, New
  York to find a way to defend themselves against
  the French and their Indian allies.
• Franklins Albany Plan of Union called for one
  general government among the colonies. This
  elected legislature could
• Collect Taxes 2. Raise Troops 3. Regulate Trade
• Not a single colony agreed but this was the first
  time that a union of the colonies was suggested.
  It wont be the last.
• Look closely at Franklins drawing regarding his
  Albany Plan of Union. What do you suppose was
  its message?

16
The War ends with a British Victory

• In 1762, the French cities of Quebec and Montreal
  in Canada finally surrender to the British,
  causing fighting in North America to end. Can you
  find these cities?
• Treaty of Paris of 1763 ends the French and
  Indian War. The terms were
• The French lost all of Canada all land east of
  the Mississippi to the British.
• Spain gave Florida to Great Britain
• Spain received Louisiana Territory New Orleans.
• This treaty marked the end of France as a power
  in North America.
• Look closely at the map. What do you notice about
  New France?

17
Results of the French and Indian War

• The British victory causes Native Americans to
  lose their French ally and trading partner.
• American settlers moved onto Native American
  lands west of the Appalachians, leading to
  Pontiacs War.
• Led by their leader, Chief Pontiac, the Ottowas
  go to war against the Americans. Britain has had
  enough.
• Britains Proclamation of 1763 prohibits American
  colonists from settling west of the Appalachian
  Mountains.
• Americans feel they won that land fair and square
  and that this law restricted their rights to
  expand westward. They move there anyway.
• Britain is left with a huge war debt. The British
  government decides that the American colonists
  should help pay that war debt. How does a
  government collect money from its citizens?

When I go to see the English commander and say
to him that some of our comrades are dead,
instead of bewailing their death as our French
brothers do, he laughs at me.