AP World History Chapter 10

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AP World HistoryChapter 10

• A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

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The Franks 400 to 700 AD

• The strongest of the Germanic Tribes that helped
  bring down Rome.
• One of many small Germanic Kingdoms.
• Known as the Carolingian Empire.

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Clovis Charles

• Clovis a vicious Frankish king conquers many
  barbarian tribes.
• Became Christian when he prayed to Christian God
  to win the battle and did.
• Charles was the son of Clovis and defeated the
  Muslims at the battle of Tours.
• His name changed to Charles the Hammer.

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The Age of Charlemagne

• He was granted the title emperor of Rome by the
  pope for defeating rebellious nobles in Rome.
• Charlemagne united areas of France, Germany,
  Italy, and Spain under his rule.
• He collected scholars from all over Europe.
• He forced the pagan Saxons to convert to
  Christianity.

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Vikings

• Charlemagnes Empire fractured under increased
  pressure from another cycle of Viking settlements
  in Europe.
• The Vikings were assimilated into the lands they
  settled.
• Vikings also ravaged and settled in England.

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King
Baron Lords Bishops (about 300) Vassal
Knights (about 5000) Lesser Lords
Villagers (about 1,500,000) Serf
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Nobles

• For feudal nobles, warfare was a way of life.
• Rival lords battled for power.
• Lesser lords (vassals) would swear loyalty to a
  more powerful lord.
• In return for the men and loyalty the greater
  lord would give land and protection to the vassal.

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The Parish Priest

• Parish Priests might be the only contact with the
  church a peasant had.
• The Priest would
• Administer the sacrament.
• Preach the Gospels.
• Guided people on issues regarding morality.

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The Village Church

• The social center of the middle ages.
• Some were local schools.
• Prosperous communities built elaborate stone
  churches.
• Some village churches obtained relics of dead
  saints.
• Members of the local church were required to pay
  tithes.

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Monks Nuns

• The Benedictine Rule was a set of rules set up to
  govern the lives of monks in monasteries.
• Obedience to the abbot or abbess.
• Poverty.
• Chastity.

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Reform Movements

• In 1073 Pope Gregory VII outlawed marriage for
  priests and prohibited simony. (the selling of
  Church offices)

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Jews in Europe

• Jewish communities were taxed heavily in Europe.
• In the 10th century many Christians began to
  persecute the Jews.
• They were blamed for wars, bad economics, famine,
  and the plague.
• The result was the killing of Jews.
• As well as massive Jewish migration out of
  Western Europe to Eastern Europe.

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New Technologies

• New iron plows in Europe.
• New harness that allowed horses to be used
  instead of oxen.
• New wind mills.
• New water mills.

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Expanding Production

• Cleared forests.
• Drained swamps.
• Three field system started.
• One planted with wheat.
• One planted with peas and beans.
• One left unplanted.
• Restored fertility in the land.

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Trade Revives

• Merchant companies formed.
• Silk road expanded from Constantinople.
• Trade fairs would occur each year in the same
  place.
• Large towns developed around trade fair
  locations.

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Commercial Revolution

• Trade fairs led to a need for more capital in the
  form of money which led to banks.
• The practice of using a bill of exchange was
  adopted.
• A person would go to the bank and deposit his
  money.
• He could then go to a bank in another city and
  withdraw money.
• This reduced the risk of having your money stolen
  when traveling.

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Role of Guilds

• A guild is an association of merchants,
  craftsman, or artists. (Like a Union)
• The guilds dominated town life.
• No one but guild members could work in the trade.
• Created a monopoly on the work.

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Town City Life

• Towns were poorly organized.
• Towns had no garbage pickup, people just through
  their waste into the streets.

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Norman Conquest

• William with the backing of the Pope invades
  England in 1066 where he defeats King Harold.
• Legacy A gradual blending of French and English
  cultures occurs.

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Growth of Royal Power

• William kept land for himself and kept track of
  where and who was building castles.
• To learn about his kingdom he created the
  Domesday Book. It listed every castle, field,
  and pigpen in England.
• Legacy Helped to create an effective tax for
  future monarchs.

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The Magna Carta

• King John got into trouble with his nobles over
  taxes.
• They forced John to sign a legal document called
  Magna Carta.
• Magna Carta first gave the Nobles rights in
  court. Second it made clear that the king must
  obey the law.

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Development of Parliament

• Started as the great council of nobles.
• It evolved into Parliament. (French for Parler)
• Parliament approved money for wars.
• Edward I expanded Parliament to include the
  common people

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The Capetians

• In 987 feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet to be
  King.
• He was weak enough for everyone.
• He made the throne hereditary.
• They were the kings of France for 300 years.
• They slowly gained power as they played nobles
  against each other.

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Philip Augustus

• The very powerful King of France.
• He started new towns.
• He organized a standing army.
• He introduces a national tax.
• He expanded the royal lands.
• He became the most powerful ruler in Europe by
  his death.

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Louis IX, King and Saint

• Became a Saint within 30 years of his death.
• Led two wars against Muslims.
• He persecuted Jews and Heretics.
• Expanded royal courts.
• Ended serfdom in his lands.
• Outlawed private wars.
• Helped create nationalism in France.

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Philip IV Clashes with the Pope

• He tried to raise cash by taxing the church.
• Pope Boniface VIII said God has set popes over
  kings and kingdoms,
• Philip sent troops to get the Pope, he was beaten
  and died soon afterward.
• A French Pope was elected and he moved the papal
  court to France. (Avignon)

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The Estates General

• Phillip rallied French support by setting up the
  Estates General in 1302.
• The Estates General never gained the power of the
  purse, so they never got as strong as the English
  Parliament.

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The Holy Roman Empire

• After Charlemagnes death his empire dissolved.
• In 936 Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King
  of Germany.
• Otto like Charlemagne defended the Pope in Italy
  and was given the title of Holy Roman Emperor.

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Pope Gregory VII

• Pope Gregory wanted sole power to appoint clergy.

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Emperor Henry IV

• Henry said the Bishops owned their lands as fiefs
  to him.
• Many rebellious nobles in Germany saw an
  opportunity to undermine Henry by supporting the
  Pope.

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The Struggle Intensifies

• Pope Gregory excommunicate Henry, freeing his
  subjects from their allegiance to the emperor.
• Henry crossed the Alps.
• with bare feet and clad only in a wretched
  woolen garment, he presented himself to the Pope
  as a repented sinner.
• Later he led an army to Rome and forced the Pope
  into exile.

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Concordat of Worms

• In 1122 both sides agreed to a compromise.
• The Pope had the right to appoint clergy while
  the King had the right to invest fiefs.

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Frederick Barbarossa

• He fought the northern Italian city states.
• He was defeated by the Pope and the Lombard
  League.
• Married into the southern Italian nobility
  further entangling Germany into Italian politics.

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Frederick II

• Tried and failed like his father to bring the
  northern Italian city states under control.
• Germany paid the price for these wars.
• It took Germany another 600 years to become
  totally unified.

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Height of Church Power

• Pope Innocent III led a crusade against the
  simple Christians called the Albigensians.
• Tens of thousands died in the crusade.

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Pope Urban II
Urban II called on the knights of Christendom to
join a crusade to save Constantinople, Jerusalem
and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks.
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A Global Epidemic

• The bubonic plague spread by flee bites.
• The flees would bite the infected rat then bite a
  person.
• When the person was bit the flee would vomit into
  the soar spreading the disease.

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• India was depopulated
• Mesopotamia, Syria, and, Armenia were covered
  with dead bodies
• 35 million people died in China alone
• 25 million died in Europe

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Economic Effects.

• European trade collapsed.
• Survivors demanded higher wages.
• Farm land was converted to sheep grazing because
  it took less labor.
• The bad economy coupled with the plague sparked
  revolts around Europe.

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Upheaval in the Church

• Church lost many monks and priests.
• Pope Clement moved the church to France in 1309,
  under pressure by the French King.
• The church was kept in France for seventy years.
  (known as the Babylonian Captivity of the church)
• In 1378 reformers elected a new pope in Rome.
• Two and sometimes three Popes claimed to the true
  vicar of Christ.
• In 1417 a church council was held at Constance
  finally ending the crisis.

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The Hundred Years War.

• Started when the English King Edward III claimed
  the French crown in 1337.
• The English longbow was devastating in battle
  against France.

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Joan of Arc

• A 17 year old peasant woman. She convinced the
  French King to let her lead the army because she
  was sent by God to save France.
• She won many victories for France before being
  captured and executed by the English.
• The French defeated England in the Hundred Years
  War with the help of Joan of Arc and cannons.

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