Italian Renaissance

1
Italian Renaissance

• 1300-1600

2
Italian States

• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was
  urban, centered on towns that had become
  prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and
  banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and
  some of this wealth was used to support writers,
  scholars, and artists.

3

• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided
  politically. In northern Italy, the city-states
  of Florence, Milan, and Venice became major
  centers of the Renaissance civilization.
• Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy,
  while the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies embraced
  most of southern Italy.

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Italian States

• Florence
• Oligarchy
• Medici family
• Savonarola
• Milan
• Condottiere
• Spanish empire
• Venice
• Great Council
• Doge
• Monopoly on spice and luxury trade

• Papal States
• Renaissance Popes
• Julius II
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Poor land
• Spanish empire

5
Renaissance Literature

• Tuscan Triumvirate ---gt vernacular
• Dante Alighieri
• Divine Comedy
• Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6)
• Literary humanism
• Giovanni Boccaccio
• Decameron

• Niccolo Machiavelli
• The Prince
• Bladassare Castiglione
• The Book of the Courtier
• Benvenuto Cellini
• Autobiography
• Lorenzo Valla
• Linguistic/historical analysis

6
Italian Renaissance Art

• Religious scenes focused on expressions
• Holy as human
• Gods beauty in world
• Neo-Platonism
• Nude body
• Uniqueness - self-portraits
• Pagan myths as Christian icons
• Individual-secular-profane

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Giotto

• Religious subjects in more human fashion and
  realistic setting
• Illusion of depth

8
Masaccio

• Used light and shade to perspective
• The Holy Trinity

9
Sandro Botticelli

• Vivid colors
• Classical mythology
• The Adoration of the Magi
• The Birth of Venus
• Primavera

10
Leonardo da Vinci

• First Italian artist to use oil paints
• Mona Lisa
• The Last Supper
• The Virgin of the Rocks
• Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion

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Leonardo da Vinci

• Studying fossils
• Anatomy from dissections
• First accurate description of human skeleton
• Remained on paper

12
Raphael Santi

• Humanized Madonna paintings
• Sistine Madonna
• School of Athens

13
Michelangelo Buonarotti

• Sistine Chapel
• Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
• The Last Judgment
• David
• Moses
• Pieta
• Dying Slave
• Night

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Michelangelo Buonarotti
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Titian

• Tiziano Vecellio
• Most famous Venetian painter
• One painting a month
• Titian red
• The Assumption of the Virgin

16
The Northern Renaissance

• The influence of the Italian Renaissance
  gradually spread northward.
• The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more
  Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had
  been often an almost open revolt against
  Christian ideals.

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Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries

• Printing press w/ moveable type
• Johannes Gutenberg
• 1456 - the Bible
• Rapid spread of knowledge

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• Christian Humanism
• Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith
• Erasmus
• Prince of the Humanists
• Praise of Folly
• Rejected Luther

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Flemish Painting

• Jan and Hubert van Eyck
• First to use oil paints
• The Adoration of the Lamb
• Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

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• Hieronymus Bosch
• Nightmarish fantasy worlds
• Garden of Earthly Delight

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• Peter Brueghel
• Earthly and lively activities of peasants
• Peasant Wedding
• Childrens Games

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German Painting

• Albrecht Durer
• Mastery of expression
• Woodcuts
• Self-Portrait

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• Hans Holbein the Younger
• Portraits
• Henry VIII
• Erasmus
• Thomas More
• The Ambassadors

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Elizabethan Literature

• Edmund Spenser
• Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe
• playwright
• Brief career
• Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare
• Most famous playwright
• Ben Jonson
• Last major literary figure

25
Spanish Renaissance

• Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros
• Miguel de Cervantes
• Don Quixote
• Felix Lope de Vega
• Most prolific playwright
• El Greco
• Greatest painter of SR
• Studied with Titian
• Intense religious mysticism
• Mannerism
• El Escorial

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The Protestant Reformation

• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses
• 1534 - Act of Supremacy
• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg

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Martin Luther

• Planned to be a lawyer
• Religious conversion to Augustinian monk
• Theology teacher at university of Wittenberg
• The just shall live by faith. Romans (117)
• Justification by faith
• Johann Tetzel
• Indulgence controversy
• 95 Theses
• Diet of Worms

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Lutheranism

1. Justification by faith
2. Sola scriptura
3. Baptism and holy communion
4. Priesthood of believers
5. German translation of Bible
6. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy

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Lutheranism
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Lutheranism

• Peasants Revolt
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• Diet of Augsburg
• Peace of Augsburg
• German prince right to determine religion of his
  state
• Lutheran or Roman Catholic
• No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists
• Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and
  Scandinavia

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Calvinism

• Ulrich Zwingli
• Humanist and Catholic priest
• Sacraments only symbolic ceremonies
• Rejected celibacy of clergy
• Emphasized simplicity in worship
• Killed by Catholic forces

• John Calvin
• Protestant
• Exile in Geneva
• Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Predestination
• Salvation by election
• Puritanism
• Theocracy

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Spread of Calvinism

• Switzerland
• France
• Huguenots
• John Knox
• Presbyterians
• England
• Puritans
• Netherlands
• Max Webers theory of the Protestant work ethic

33
Anglicanism

• King Henry VIII
• Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
• Thomas Cramner
• Act of Supremacy
• King head of Church of England
• Six Articles
• No papal supremacy
• Sold monasteries
• Supported by English people
• Papal taxes
• Babylonian Captivity
• Monastic land
• Execution of Thomas More

• Edward VI
• 42 Articles
• More Protestant
• Cramners Book of Common Prayer
• Bloody Mary
• Executed Cramner
• Married Philip II
• Elizabeth I
• Last Tudor
• 39 Articles
• Opposition
• Pilgrims - Separatists
• Mary Queen of Scots
• Philip II

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Anabaptism

• Radicals of the PR
• Rejection of infant baptism
• Active in Peasants Revolt
• Thomas Munzer
• John of Leyden
• Menno Simons
• Mennonites