The%20Solar%20System

1
The Solar System

• Chapter 8

2
Planet Motion

• Chapter 8, Section 1

3
Europe
4
Models of the Solar System

• The ancient Greeks believed in the geocentric
  model.
• In the geocentric model, the Earth was at the
  center of the Universe
• The rest consisted of two spheres
• Stars that always spun around the Earth
• Planets that always seemed to wander (planet
  translates to wandering star)

5

• The ancient Romans, however, did NOT seek out
  much in terms of Science about the cosmos.
• They did, however, name three days of the week
  after the Solar System
• Saturday Saturn
• Sunday Sun
• Monday Moon
• (The other four were named after Norse gods Tiu,
  Woden, Thor, Friya)

6
Ancient Greek Geocentric model
7

• In the geocentric model, the solar system would
  have been arranged in the following order

8
Map of the Geocentric Model

• Why did ancient astronomers put those circles in
  the orbits of the planets?
• They saw some strange things about how planets
  move.

9
Jupiter Path Example

• This data was used to show Jupiters path from
  October 1 2003 to August 1 2004.
• Oct 1 2003 10h 38m, 10 degrees
• Jan 1 2004 11h 21m, 6 degrees
• Apr 1 2004 10h 51m, 9 degrees
• May 1 2004 10h 44m, 9 degrees
• Aug 1 2004 11h 20m, 6 degrees

10
8.1 Jupiter Path Lab Put Name, Hour and Date on
Graph Paper

1. Make a Graph x-axis from 10 to 12 hours, and
   y-axis from 0 to 12 degrees (by ½ degree)
2. Graph p219 data, but connect each dot with a
   straight line before plotting the next point.
3. Define Retrograde
4. What do you notice about Jupiters path?
5. Explain how it moves using geocentric model.

11
Backward Motion

• Retrograde Having a backward motion, whether
  real or apparent.
• Parallax The apparent shift in position of an
  object as seen from two different points not on a
  straight line with the object.

12
Explaining Retrograde Motion
13
Copernicus

• In 1543, Copernicus came up with the Heliocentric
  model
• Said the Moon revolved around the Earth and all
  of the Planets revolved around the Sun. (Helios
  was the Greek god of the Sun.)
• Thought orbits were circles, not ellipses, and
  his model could not accurately predict the
  location of the planets so was not widely
  accepted

14
Galileo

• Found that Venus has phases much like our Moon
• Found that Jupiter has Moons that revolve around
  it.
• This evidence further supported the Heliocentric
  model.
• He also invented the modern telescope and was the
  first person to document sunspots.
• Was forced by the Church to recant all his
  findings 6/22/1623

15
Understanding the Solar System

• In the early 1600s a German mathematician,
  Johannes Kepler calculated the paths of the
  planets and found that they were ellipses, not
  circles.
• He also learned that the speed of each of the
  planets was different and the outer planets took
  much longer to orbit the Sun (Mercury88 days,
  Saturn 29.5 years).

16
Kepler

• Mathematician took the work of other astronomers
  and put it all together.
• Found that the paths of planets were ellipses
• Planets travel at consistent speeds

17

• In the heliocentric model, the solar system would
  have been arranged in the following order

18
Space Distances

• Scientists now use two units to measure distance
  in space
• Astronomical Unit (A.U.) equals average distance
  between the Earth and the Sun
• Light Year is the distance light travels through
  space in one year which equals 9.5 Trillion km
  9,500,000,000,000 km

19

• PLANETS
• By definition there are eight planets
• 4 terrestrial planets close to the Sun
• 4 gaseous giant planets further away
• The terrestrial and gas planets are separated by
  a belt of rocky debris known as the asteroid
  belt.
• Beyond the orbit of the gas giants are at least
  four small planet-like objects known as
  planetoids (including Pluto).

20

• SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system also contains a sizable
  collection of meteors, comets, and belts of rocky
  materials that also orbit the Sun.
• The solar system is thought to have formed from a
  condensing cloud of gas and dust known as a
  nebula. As the cloud contracted, it became
  super-heated and created our Sun. The remaining
  dust and gasses condensed into the planets.

21
Other Solar systems

• So far, over 300 stars have been found to have
  planetary systems.
• Many planets have been discovered in the
  Goldilocks zone of numerous solar systems (not
  too hot and not too cold) where life may be
  possible.

22
8.1 Analysis Compare Models

• Write Name, Hour, Date, and Title.
• Fold paper into thirds 3 sections 2 columns
• At the top write Geocentric and Heliocentric.
• Answer in complete sentences.
• In section 1 write 5 things that are similar.
• In section 2 write 10 things that are different
  (5 under each model).
• In section 3 draw AND color the two models.

23
The Inner Planets

• Chapter 8, Section 2

24
Planets near the Sun

• The solar wind and heat have all but stripped
  most of the gases and lighter elements off of the
  terrestrial planets.

(Planet size ratio is not accurate)
25
Mercury

• Smallest of the planets size of our moon
• Has no atmosphere
• Surface temperatures 427C to -170C

26
Mercury

• Taken by
• Mariner 10

27

• Mercury in color

28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
Mercury view from sun
32
Venus

• Size and mass similar to Earth
• Surface pressure 92x greater than Earth
• Atmosphere is almost entirely CO2
• Surface temperatures 450C to 475C
• RETROGRADE ROTATION Backwards rotation of a
  planet

33
Venus

• As seen
• from
• Earth

34
Venus

• As pictured
• by
• Magellan
• spacecraft

35
(No Transcript)
36
Venus facts

• Takes 223 days for Venus to revolve
• Rotation takes 243 days!
• Notice something????
• Its day is longer than its year!
• Thousands of volcanoes
• Silicon and Oxygen in crust

37
The Surface of Venus
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
Radar Images of Surface
41
Venus in front of the sun
42
Earth
43
Earth

• Allows water to exist as a solid, liquid, and a
  gas
• Atmosphere burns up most meteors before they hit
  the ground
• Ozone in the atmosphere protects the life from
  U.V. rays
• Temperature range -88 to 58C

44
(No Transcript)
45
Mars

• Red planet due to the high level of iron oxide
  (rust)
• Has polar ice caps
• Appears to have once had flowing water on surface
• Mars is tilted 25 on its axis and has seasons
• Mostly CO2 atmosphere doesnt filter out harmful
  rays
• Surface temperatures vary from 37C to -123C
• Mars has two small moons Deimos and Phobos
• About ½ size of Earth!

46
Mars
47
(No Transcript)
48
NASA on Mars

• NASA sent probes to Mars in the 1970s and 80s but
  much more detailed information has come from the
  Mars Rovers Spirit and Opportunity
• In 1996, structures identical in nature to some
  bacteria were found fossilized in a fragment of
  rock from Mars.

49
Mars Rover
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
A Face on Mars?
53
How Disappointing!
54
Evidence of Water?
55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
Sunset on Mars
59
Olympus Mons Largest Volcano in the Solar System

• Three times taller than Mt. Everest
• 342 miles across
• Like going from Detroit to the Soo Locks in the
  U.P.

60
(No Transcript)
61
What do the inner planets have in common?

• A solid surface
• Planets with a solid surface are called
  terrestrial
• Contain iron cores
• Crust contains heavier elements

62
8.2 Analysis Compare Planets 1-4

• Write Name, Hour, Date, and Title
• Fold paper in half 2 sections 4 columns
• At top write Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• Answer in complete sentences.
• In section 1 write 5 things that are similar.
• In section 2 write 20 things that are different
  (5 under each model).
• On the back draw AND color the 4 planets.

63
The Outer Planets

• Chapter 8, Section 3

64
The Outer Planets

• Why are the outer planets so different?
• The outer planets have large amounts of lighter
  elements such as gases.
• Are not as affected by the solar wind than the
  inner planets

65
Jupiter

• Is the largest planet
• Composed of hydrogen and helium SIMILAR TO THE
  SUN!
• As you get closer to the surface, the pressure is
  equal to 50 million Earth atmospheres.
  Temperature is 40,000C
• Thin rings

66
Jupiter facts

• Has continuous storms that cause swirls in the
  atmosphere
• Has more than 60 moons, four of which, Io,
  Europa, Ganymede, and Castillo, are thought to
  have water and conditions possible for life to
  occur

67
Jupiter
68
(No Transcript)
69
Jupiterwith moons
70
Comet that struck surface in 94
71
Eclipses on Jupiter
72
Aurora on Jupiter
73
Saturn

• Saturn is the second largest planet
• HYDROGEN AND HELIUM!
• Has rings made of chunks of rocks and ice
• Has 53 moons
• The largest is Titan

74
Saturn
75
Saturn Edge View
76
Saturn Surface
77
Saturn Aurora
78
(No Transcript)
79
Uranus

• Axis is tilted on its side (north to south)
• Has a blue/green color due to its methane
  atmosphere
• Has 27 moons

80
Uranus
81
Uranuswith rings
82
Infrared Image of Uranus
83
Neptune

• Was actually predicted by mathematical
  calculations before it was ever seen (It was
  known an object was affecting Uranus orbit)
• Has blue color due to methane in its atmosphere
• Has 13 moons
• The largest is Triton
• Has poles covered in ice
• Has eruptions

84
Neptune
85
(No Transcript)
86
The Great Dark Spot
87
Planetoids (Pluto)

• Is smaller than the Earths moon
• Has its own moon, Charon
• Another similar planetoid is Sedna

88
(No Transcript)
89
Pluto and Charon
90
Comets and other objects

• Comet rock, dust, chemical ice, frozen water,
  methane, and ammonia
• Asteroids chunks of rocks
• Meteoroids chunks of rocks that can pass
  through the Earths orbit and into the atmosphere
  of the Earth SOME OF THESE ARE LEFT BEHIND BY
  COMETS

91
Comet
92
(No Transcript)
93
(No Transcript)
94
HaleBopp Comet
95
(No Transcript)
96
Asteroid
97
Another Asteroid
98

• Asteroid
• belt
• between
• Mars and
• Jupiter

99
Meteor vs. Meteoroid. vs. Meteorite

• METEOROID a rock that travels aimlessly in
  space
• METEOR a streak of light we see when a rock is
  burning up in the atmosphere
• METEORITE if the rock makes it to the ground,
  its now a meteorite.

100
(No Transcript)
101
Meteoroid
102
Meteors known as shooting stars!
103
Meteor Shower Leonid
104
Meteorite!
105
When Meteors Attack
106
8.3 Analysis Compare Planets 5-8

• Write Name, Hour, Date, and Title
• Fold paper in half 2 sections 4 columns
• At top write Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Answer in complete sentences.
• In section 1 write 5 things that are similar.
• In section 2 write 20 things that are different
  (5 under each model).
• On the back draw AND color the 4 planets.

107
Chapter 8, Section 4

• Is There Life Beyond Earth

108
Life on other worlds?

• All living things contain CARBON on Earth
• Most life forms on Earth need water and a
  comfortable temperature.but
• Life has been found to exist in places with
  extreme living conditions on Earth
• These extreme living conditions include scalding
  hot areas, freezing cold areas, completely dark
  areas, etc.

109
Life on Europa, Jupiters Moon

• The surface is covered in large moving chunks of
  ice that are possibly made of frozen water.
• Waters needed for life.

110
Europa, Getting Closer
111
Close up of Europa
112
Titan, Saturns Moon

• Nitrogen atmosphere. dont plants on Earth use
  nitrogen?
• Contains hydrocarbons isnt life on Earth based
  on carbon?
• Surface pics show old riverbeds of ethane and
  liquid METHANE made of carbon!!!

113
Titans Surface from Skyyes, its real
114
Titan surface again
115
8.4 Analysis Compare Space Life

• Write Name, Hour, Date, and Title
• Fold paper in half 2 sections 2 columns
• At top write Earth Life and Extraterrestrial Life
• Answer in complete sentences.
• In section 1 write 5 things that may be similar.
• In section 2 write 10 things that are different
  (5 under each model) about life in space.
• On back draw AND color a NEW LIFE FORM.