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CHAPTER 7 Storing Organizational Information - Databases – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Storing%20Organizational%20Information%20-%20Databases


1
CHAPTER 7
  • Storing Organizational Information - Databases

2
Learning Outcomes
  • Define the fundamental concepts of the relational
    database model
  • Evaluate the advantages of the relational
    database model
  • Compare operational integrity constraints and
    business-critical integrity constraints
  • Describe the role and purpose of a database
    management system
  • List and describe the four components of a
    database management system
  • Describe the two primary methods for integrating
    information across multiple databases

3
Overview
  • Information is stored in databases
  • Database maintains information about various
    types of objects (inventory), events
    (transactions), people (employees), and places
    (warehouses)

4
Database Models
  • Hierarchical database stores related
    information in terms of predefined categorical
    relationships in a tree-like fashion
  • Network database used by a network installation
    tool to allocate and track network resources
  • Relational database model stores information in
    the form of logically related two-dimensional
    tables

5
Entities, Entity Classes, and Attributes
  • Entity a person, place, thing, transaction, or
    event about which information is stored
  • The rows in each table contain the entities
  • Entity includes Daves Sub Shop and Pizza Palace
    entities Figure 2.6 CUSTOMER
  • Entity class (table) a collection of similar
    entities
  • Entity classes include CUSTOMER, ORDER, ORDER
    LINE, DISTRIBUTOR, and PRODUCT
  • Attributes (fields, columns) characteristics or
    properties of an entity class
  • The columns in each table contain the attributes
  • Attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID,
    Customer Name, Contact Name, and Phone

6
Keys and Relationships
  • Primary key a field (or group of fields) that
    uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
  • Foreign key a primary key of one table that
    appears an attribute in another table and acts to
    provide a logical relationship among the two
    tables

7
A relational database for Coca-Cola
8
Relational Database Advantagesfrom a business
perspective
  • Increased flexibility
  • Increased scalability and performance
  • Reduced information redundancy
  • Increased information integrity (quality)
  • Increased information security

9
Increased Flexibility
  • A well-designed database should
  • Handle changes quickly and easily
  • Provide users with different views
  • A database has only one physical view
  • Physical view deals with the physical storage
    of information on a storage device such as a hard
    disk
  • A database can have multiple logical views
  • Logical view focuses on how users logically
    access information to meet particular business
    needs

10
Increased Scalability and Performance
  • A database must scale to meet increased demand,
    while maintaining acceptable performance levels
  • Scalability refers to how well a system can
    adapt to increased demands
  • Performance measures how quickly a system
    performs a certain process or transaction

11
Reduced Information Redundancy
  • Databases reduce information redundancy
  • Redundancy the duplication of information or
    storing the same information in multiple places
  • Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with
    redundant information

12
Increase Information Integrity
  • Information integrity a measure of the quality
    of information
  • Integrity constraints rules that help ensure
    the quality of information
  • Operational integrity constraints rules that
    enforce basic and fundamental information-based
    constraints
  • Business-critical integrity constraints rules
    that enforce business rules vital to an
    organizations success and often require more
    insight and knowledge than operational integrity
    constraints

Product returns are not accepted for fresh
product 15 days after purchase
13
Increased Information Security
  • Information is an organizational asset and must
    be protected
  • Databases offer several security features
    including
  • Passwords provide authentication of the user
  • Access levels determine who has access to the
    different types of information
  • Access controls Determine types of user access,
    such as read-only access

14
Database management systems (DBMS) software
through which users and application programs
interact with a database
15
Four components of a DBMS
16
Data Definition Component
  • helps create and maintain the data dictionary
    and the structure of the database
  • Data dictionary a file that stores definitions
    of information types, identifies the primary and
    foreign keys, and maintains the relationships
    among the tables
  • The data dictionary essentially defines the
    logical properties of the information that the
    database contains

17
Data Manipulation Component
  • Data manipulation component allows users to
    create, read, update, and delete information in a
    database
  • A DBMS contains several data manipulation tools
  • Views Allows users to see, change, sort, and
    query the database content
  • Report generators
  • Query-by-example (QBE)
  • Structured query language (SQL)

18
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20
Application Generation and Data Administration
Components
  • Application generation component includes tools
    for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use
    applications
  • Data administration component provides tools
    for managing the overall database environment by
    providing faculties for backup, recovery,
    security, and performance
  • IT specialists primarily use these components

21
Integrating Information among Multiple Databases
  • Organizations typically maintain multiple
    systems, each with its own database
  • Integration allows separate systems to
    communicate directly with each other
  • Forward integration takes information entered
    into a given system and sends it automatically to
    all downstream systems and processes
  • Backward integration takes information entered
    into a given system and sends it automatically to
    all upstream systems and processes

22
Building a central repository specifically for
integrated information
23
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24
Opening Case Study Questions - Searching for
Revenue - Google
  1. Identify the different types of entity classes
    that might be stored in Googles indexing
    database
  2. Explain why database technology is so important
    to Googles business model
  3. Explain the difference between logical and
    physical views and why logical views are
    important to Googles employees
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