Royal%20Power%20Grows

1
Royal Power Grows

• Chapter 8 Sect 1

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Royal Power Grows

• High Middle Ages (1000-1300)
• Monarchs began to centralize power
• Set up a system of royal justice.
• Created their own armies and tax systems
• Started appealing more to the middle class for
  support.

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Royal Power Grows

• William of Normandy
• Conquered England by raising an army and getting
  support from the Pope. (1066)
• Granted land to the Church
• Took a census in 1086 called the Domesday Book
• Listed every castle, field, and building in
  England.
• Help build a system of tax collections and
  treasuries.

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Royal Power Grows
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Royal Power Grows

• Henry II
• Expanded law in England by accepting customs as
  law.
• Common Law-Legal system based on customs and
  court rulings.
• Applied these rules to EVERYONE, not just the
  upper class.
• Developed an early jury system
• Caused a bitter dispute w/ the church (p.246)

6
Royal Power Grows

• King John
• Lost battles with King Phillip II of France, Pope
  Innocent III, and many of his own English Nobles.
• English Nobles forced him to sign MAGNA CARTA in
  1215.
• Granted certain rights to citizens in England and
  placed rules on the Monarch
• Due Process- Government cannot take away your
  rights without a trial.
• Habeas Corpus- You cannot be held in prison
  without being charged of a crime

7
Royal Power Grows

• Parliament
• House of Lords- made up of nobles and high
  clergy.
• House of Commons- Knights and middle class. (King
  Edward in 1295)
• Limited the power of the King
• King had to meet Parliaments demands before they
  would sign things for him. (Known as power of
  the purse)

8
Royal Power Grows

• Capetian Kings
• Hugh Capet- Made the French throne hereditary.
• Built a bureaucracy and collected taxes to
  strengthen the throne
• Phillip Augustus
• Paid middle class officials for loyalty
• Chartered new towns and introduced a national
  tax.
• Conquered land from England and was the most
  powerful ruler in Europe

9
Royal Power Grows

• Louis IX
• Very religious and persecuted those who went
  against the church
• He expanded royal courts and created a strong
  national feeling among his subjects.
• After a struggle with the Pope, he created the
  Estates General in 1302.
• The Estates General was made up of 3 classes
• Clergy
• Nobles
• Townspeople

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Royal Power Grows

• Louis IX

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Section 8.1 Review

1. During the High Middle Ages, the balance of power
   shifted from the people to whom?
2. Who required everyone to swear allegiance to him?
3. What was Henry IIs greatest accomplishment?
4. Which French King led a series of Crusades?
5. Which term means you cannot be imprisoned without
   being charged of a crime?

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Section 8 Review

• During the High Middle Ages, the balance of power
  shifted from the people to whom?
• The monarchs
• Who required everyone to swear allegiance to him?
• William the Conqueror

13
Section 8 Review

• What was Henry IIs greatest accomplishment?
• Developing a unified legal system
• Which French King led a series of Crusades?
• Louis IX
• Which term means you cannot be imprisoned without
  being charged of a crime?
• Habeas Corpus

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Section 2

• The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
• (926 A.D.-1806 A.D.)

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Vocab

• Holy Roman Empire- The empire of west central
  Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present day
  Germany and neighboring lands.
• Henry IV- King of Germany who became Holy Roman
  emperor. He was excommunicated from the church by
  Gregory VII.

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Vocab

• Pope Gregory VII- made many reforms that people
  did not like. He banned the practice of lay
  investiture and excommunicated Henry IV.
• Lay investiture- appointment of bishops by anyone
  who is not a member of the clergy.
• Frederick Barbarrosa- Holy Roman emperor who
  tried to bring all of Italy under his control

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Vocab

• Pope Innocent III- He claimed supremacy over all
  rulers. He launched a crusade in France in 1209.

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Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Otto I
• Took the title of the King of Germany
• Worked very closely with the Church
• 962- Crowned as the first emperor of the Holy
  Roman Empire
• German emperors had their vassals rule the land
  but could not control them
• They battled popes over the appointment of
  bishops within the areas.

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Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Feuds between Popes and Emperors
• Pope Gregory VII wanted the Church independent of
  secular rule.
• Ended Lay Investiture-Process of Kings or lords
  appointing or investing in bishops
• Henry IV-Argued he could appoint bishops since
  they were on his fiefs (lands).
• German princes undermined Henry and support the
  pope.
• Gregory VII-Excommunicated Henry IV and tried to
  crown a new emperor

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Holy Roman Empire and the Church
21
Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Henry confessed as a sinner to be forgiven so he
  could retake control of Germany.
• Led an army to Rome to exile the Pope.
• Concordat of Worms- Church elected and installed
  bishops. Emperors still gave them fiefs.
• Struggle for Italy
• Frederick I (Barbarossa) tried to bring the
  wealthy cities of Italy under his rule
• Could never accomplish this because the Italians
  fought back and joined the Lombard League.

22
Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Frederick I (Barbarossa)

23
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Arranged a marriage between his son and the
  heiress of Sicily.
• Frederick II (son of Frederick I) tried to take
  over Italy but failed.
• German nobles grew independent while he focused
  on Italy.
• Italy turned to the French to get rid of
  Fredericks heirs.
• A local uprising against French rule led to 200
  years of fighting which completely destroyed the
  city.

24
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Church Power Reaches Its Height
• Pope Innocent III took control in 1198.
• Claimed supremacy over all rulers.
• Waged a holy war against heretics of S. France.
  (Albigensians)
• Tens of thousands of people were slaughtered.
• Strengthened the Churchs power.
• Innocent also reformed the church
• After his death, French English monarchs
  strengthened and challenged the popes power.

25
The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• Pope Innocent II

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Sect. 3 Terms, People, Places

1. Crusades- A series of wars where Christians tried
   to gain control of the Holy Lands from the
   Muslims.
2. Holy Lands- Lands between Palestine and Jerusalem
   where Christians believed Jesus was born.
3. Pope Urban II- Called for the 1st Crusade to win
   back the Holy Land and gain more power in Europe.

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Sect. 3 Terms, People, Places

• 4. Reconquista- The campaign by European
  Christians to drive Muslims from present-day
  Spain.
• 5. Ferdinand and Isabella- Their marriage in 1469
  unified Spain and help complete the Reconquista.
• 6. Inquisition- A Church court set up by Isabella
  to try people accused of heresy in Spain.

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Section 3

• The Crusades and the Wider World

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Vocab

1. Crusades- A series of wars over the Holy Land.
2. Holy Land- Jerusalem and other places in
   Palestine where Christians believe Christ lived
   and preached.
3. Pope Urban II- Pope who called for a Crusade to
   take back the Holy Land.
4. Reconquista- The campaign to drive Muslims from
   the Iberian Peninsula

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Vocab

1. Ferdinand and Isabella- Their marriage unified
   Spain. They made a final push to drive the
   Muslims from Spain.
2. Inquisition- A church court set up to try people
   of heresy.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• Crusades-Christian battled Muslims for control of
  Holy Lands in the Middle East.
• The World in 1050
• Islam was established from Spain to India
• Civilizations were growing all over the world.
• 1071-Islamic Turks from Central Asia had taken
  over Holy lands of the Byzantine Empire.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• This kept Christians from making pilgrimages to
  the Holy Land.
• The Crusades
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked Pope Urban II
  for Christian Knights to fight the Muslim Turks.
• Urban called for a Crusade for the Holy Land at
  Council of Clermont in 1095.
• Hoped to increase power in Europe and end the
  split between the Romans and Byzantines.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I

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The Crusades and the Wider World

1. 1st Crusade-Christian knights massacred Muslims
   Jews in Jerusalem (1099).
2. Muslim kept trying to destroy Christian Crusader
   states, leading to more crusades.
3. Saladin- Muslim leader who took control of
   Jerusalem in 1187 but did allow Christians to
   pilgrimages.
4. Crusaders started fighting with other Christians
   and overthrew Constantinople.
5. Muslims eventually overthrew all crusader states
   and in 1291 massacred Christians after taking the
   last Christian post.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• Saladin-

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• The Effects of the Crusades
• Crusades led to religious turmoil throughout
  Europe and the Middle East.
• Muslims vs. Christians
• Christians vs. Jews
• Crusades strengthened Muslims by uniting rival
  Muslim groups from Egypt to Syria.
• Crusades strengthened monarchs ability to tax.
• Curiosity of new lands led to explorations from
  Europe to the wider world.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

1. Trade also increased and expanded as Crusaders
   brought back fabrics, spices, and perfumes from
   the Middle East.
2. This encouraged the growth of a money economy.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

• The Reconquista
• Moors- Muslims from North Africa who conquered
  most of present day Spain in the 700s.
• Christian Kingdoms started expanding and taking
  over Muslim lands, starting the Reconquista.
• Over the next 200 years, Christian cities moved
  southward and in 1140 established the Kingdom of
  Portugal.

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The Crusades and the Wider World

1. By 1300, Christians had taken over the Iberian
   Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) but Muslim
   influence remained very strong.
2. 1469- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
   married and united the state of Spain and
   completed the Reconquista in 1492.
3. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to impose their
   beliefs on the diverse culture of Spain, so they
   began Inquisition to convert Jews and Muslims to
   Christianity or they would die.

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Quiz Study Guide

• Vocabulary-
• Crusades
• Holy Land
• Pope Urban II
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Reconquista
• Inquisition

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Quiz Study Guide

1. Where was the Byzantine Empire? What was it
   before it was the Byzantine Empire?
2. What was Pope Urban IIs reason (s) for starting
   the Crusades?
3. What happened in Constantinople during the 4th
   Crusade?
4. What were Ferdinand and Isabellas religious
   policies called? What did they do?

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Section 4

• Learning and Culture Flourish

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Learning and Culture Flourish

• Medieval Universities Emerge
• Improved economic and political conditions during
  the High Middle Ages.
• Education became important
• Cathedral Schools became the first universities.
• Specialty schools began to show.
• Life was tough with poor facilities and students
  had to memorize lectures.

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Learning and Culture Flourish

• A bachelors degree took 3-6 years and a masters
  degree took several years more.
• Women could not receive a university education
  but learned from convents.
• Muslims translated many works of Greek thinkers.
• Sparked a learning revolution.
• Scholasticism- Using reason to support beliefs.

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Learning and Culture Flourish

1. Thomas Aquinas- said faith and reason existed in
   harmony and led to the truth that God rules.
2. Science and Math made little progress because
   they didnt go with Church teachings.
3. Adopted Hindu-Arabic numerals instead of Roman
   numerals.

46
Learning and Culture Flourish

• Medieval Literature
• Writings appeared in vernacular, or everyday
  language.
• People began writing oral traditions.
• Dante Alighieri- The Divine Comedy
• His journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.
• Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales
• Characters tell tales on their way to Saint
  Thomas Beckets tomb.

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Learning and Culture Flourish

• Architecture
• 1140-Gothic style with flying buttresses or stone
  supports outside the building.
• High thinner walls for stained glass windows.
• Stone sculptures became popular as decoration.
• Altarpieces-symbolizes religious ideas
• Illumination-decorating books with brilliant
  colors

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Section 5

• Time of Crisis

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Time of Crisis

• The Black Death (1347)
• Bubonic Plague- spread by fleas from rats.
• Became an epidemic
• Came from rats who infested Chinese cities in the
  early 1300s. (35 million dead)
• Traders from Europe to Asia brought disease back
  to Europe.
• There was no solution to the disease
• People tried magic or thought it was Gods will.

50
Time of Crisis

• Life began to break down
• Production died as the population dropped
• Inflation surged as healthy workers demanded more
  money
• Social and economic unrest lasted for over 100
  years.
• Upheaval in the Church
• The church could not provide strong leadership
  and people lashed out at the pope for his lavish
  lifestyle and for moving the throne to France

51
Time of Crisis

• 1378-Roman reformers elected a pope to rule from
  Rome.
• Created a schism- split in the church.
• 1417-Council in Germany removed power from popes
  and elected Martin V to rule from Rome.
• People began fighting against church rule.
• John Wycliffe-Said the Bible, NOT the church was
  the truth. Translated Bible into English.
• Burned at the stake for heresy.

52
Time of Crisis

• The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
• England wanted land back from France.
• Edward III-Son of a French princess, claimed the
  French throne, starting the war.
• He wanted control of the English Channel and
  trade.
• Joan of Arc-claimed she was sent by God to save
  France.
• Charles VII let her lead an army.
• Led the French to several victories.

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Time of Crisis

• She was captured by the English and burned at the
  stake for witchcraft.
• She was declared a saint.
• French fought inspired and with a new weapon
  called the canon, defeated the English.
• Throughout the war, English monarchs turned to
  Parliament for funds for the war, weakening their
  power.
• The war caused England to created a large,
  powerful army, instead of using royal vassals.