The%20Rise%20of%20Europe

1
The Rise of Europe

• Chapter 7

2
The Early Middle Ages

• Section 1

3
Western Europe in Decline

• The Roman Empire included much of Western Europe.
• After the fall of Rome, Europe entered a period
  of political, social, and economic decline.
• Waves of invaders, trading slowed down, and
  people left the towns.

4
Medieval

• The period between 500 to 1500 would be called
  the Middle Ages.
• The culture during this time was called medieval.

5
The Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms

• The Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks all
  conquered parts of the Roman empire.
• Mostly farmers and herders and lived in small
  communities.
• Kings were elected by tribal councils and Western
  Europe was divided into small kingdoms.

6
The Franks extend their power

• King Clovis of the Franks conquered Gaul, which
  would later become the Kingdom of France
• Clovis converted to Christianity

7
Muslim Empire Threatens Europe

• The Religion of Islam began in Arabia in the
  600s.
• Muslims, or believers of Islam, began to build a
  huge empire.
• Muslim armies began conquering Christian lands
  from Palestine to North Africa to present day
  Spain.

8
Muslim Empire threatens Europe

• Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors at the
  Battle of Tours In 732 when the Muslim armies
  crossed into France.
• The Christian warriors won and the Muslims
  advanced no further into Western Europe

9
The Age of Charlemagne

• Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, briefly united
  Western Europe and built an empire that stretched
  from what is now France, Germany, and part of
  Italy.

10
A new emperor of the Romans

• Charlemagne became emperor of the Romans when he
  arrested the rebellious nobles in Rome.
• Pope Leo III was so thankful that he named
  Charlemagne emperor.
• This angered the Eastern Roman emperor in
  Constantinople.

11
Creating and Unified Christian Empire

• Charlemagne worked closely with the church to
  spread Christianity and create a united Christian
  Europe.
• Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule
  local regions
• Sent out missi dominici to keep control of
  provincial rulers and to see that justice was
  done.

12
A Revival of Learning

• Encouraged the creation of local schools to
  encourage Latin learning throughout the empire.
• Saw the need to keep accurate records and write
  clear reports

13
Europe After Charlemagne

• After Charlemagne died in 814, his son Louis I
  took the throne.
• But Louis sons would later battle for power.
• Finally in 843 Charlemagnes grandsons drew up
  the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into
  three regions.

14
Charlemagnes Legacy

• He extended Christian civilization into northern
  Europe
• He set up strong efficient governments.

15
New Waves of Invasions

• Muslim forces still posed a threat to the
  Christian Empire.
• In the late 800s the Muslims conquered Sicily,
  which became a thriving center of Muslim culture.
• The Magyars overran eastern Europe in about 900
  and settled in present day Hungary.

16
Raiders from the North

• The Vikings were in Scandinavia where they were
  independent farmers and expert sailors.
• Starting the 700s the Vikings set out looting
  and burning communities along the coasts and
  rivers of Europe.
• Vikings sailed all around the Mediterranean Sea
  and across the Atlantic trading.
• Around the year 1000 they set up a short-lived
  Viking colony in North America.

17
The Vikings
18
Feudalism and the Manor Economy

• Section 2

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Feudalism A Political System

• Feudalism a loosely organized system of rule in
  which powerful local lords divided their
  landholdings among lesser lords.
• These lesser lords were called vassals and they
  pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.

20
Mutual Obligations

• Feudal Contract a powerful lord granted his
  vassal a fief, or estate, which included peasants
  to work the land, as well as any town or building
  on it.
• The lord promised to protect the vassal and in
  return the vassal pledged loyalty to his lord.
• The vassal also agreed to 40 days of military
  service each year.

21
A Structured Society

• Below the monarch were powerful lords such as
  dukes and counts, who held the largest fiefs.
• Each lord has vassals, and in turn those vassals
  had their own vassals.

22
The World of Knights and Nobles

• Many nobles began training at age 7 for future
  occupations as a knight, or mounted warrior.
• He learned to ride and fight and keep his armor
  and weapons in good condition at the castle of
  his fathers lord.

23
Knights

• Knights usually fought on horseback using swords,
  axes, and lances, which were long poles.
• Wore armor and carried shields
• Knights engaged in mock battles called
  tournaments.

24
Castles and Defense

• Powerful lords fortified their homes to withstand
  attack and eventually created large stone castles
  with high walls, towers, and drawbridges.
• The Knights who defended the castle also lived
  there

25
Noblewomen Restrictions and Power

• While the husband or father was away fighting,
  the lady of the manor would take over his
  duties.
• Land and fiefs usually passed to the eldest son
  in the family.
• The daughters were sent to training and learned
  how to spin and weave and how to supervise
  servants.

26
Chivalry Romance and Reality

• Chivalry required knights to be brave, loyal,
  and true to their word. They had to fight
  fairly.
• Knights must also protect the weak. This usually
  always placed women on a pedestal.
• The Knights followed this code of conduct.
• Troubadours wandering musicians

27
The Manor An Economic System

• The heart of the medieval economy was the manor,
  or lords estate.
• Manors included one or more villages and the
  surrounding lands.
• Peasants worked the manor and were called serfs.
• Serfs could not leave the manor without the
  lords permission

28
Lords and Peasants Mutual Obligations

• Peasants spent several days a week farming the
  lords lands and repairing his roads, bridges, and
  fences.
• In return for their labor the peasants were
  entitled to protection from raids and warfare and
  could farm land for themselves

29
A Self-Sufficient World

• The peasants produced almost everything they
  needed, from food and clothing to simple
  furniture and tools.
• Most peasants never left their village. So they
  had no schooling or knowledge of an outside
  world.
• A typical manor included cottages and huts
  clustered closely together with surrounding
  fields.

30
Peasant Life

• The peasant family ate a simple diet of black
  bread with vegetables such as cabbage, turnips,
  or onions. Seldom ate meat.
• Family and livestock slept together
• Still celebrated marriages and births.
• Life was harsh
• Worked long hours from sunrise to sundown

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32
The Medieval Church

• Section 3

33
The Sacraments
34
Main Events of a Persons Life
35
Monks and Nuns
36
Vatican City Rome
37
Economic Recovery Sparks Change

• Section 4

38
An Agricultural Revolution

• By 800s, peasants were using iron plows that
  carved deep into the heavy soil.
• A new harness allowed peasants to use horses
  rather than oxen to pull the plows

39
Production and Population Grow

• Brought more land into use by clearing forests,
  draining swamps, and reclaiming wasteland for
  farming and grazing.
• Rotated crops using the three-field system
• Planted one field with grain, one with legumes,
  and left the third unplanted.
• This new method only left 1/3 of land unplanted.

40
The Revival of Trade and Travel

• As the population grew and people began to feel
  safer, they began to travel.
• Crusaders brought luxury goods back to Europe
  from the Middle East and Asia.
• Traders began to crisscross Europe to meet the
  growing demand for goods.

41
Trade Routes Expand

• They traveled in armed caravans and followed
  regular trade routes to the middle east and Asia.

42
The Growth of towns and Cities

• As merchants set up shops in small settlements
  along trade routes, populations grew and they
  eventually became the first medieval cities.
• Charter set out the rights and privileges of the
  town
• Had to ask the local lord for a charter
• In return the merchants paid the lord a large sum
  of money
• As populations grew, manors became overcrowded
  and lords often allowed peasants to buy their
  freedom and move to towns.

43
The Beginnings of Modern Business

• As trade revived, the use of money increased.
• Need for Capital money for investment
• Groups of merchants joined together in
  partnerships.
• The pooled their funds to finance large-scale
  venture that would have been too costly for any
  individual trader.

44
The Beginnings of Modern Business

• Local merchants developed a system of insurance
  to help reduce business risks.
• Developed credit

45
Society begins to change

• As a result of the use of money, many serfs began
  selling farm products to townspeople and paying
  rent to their lord in cash instead of labor.
• Most peasants in Western Europe were Tenant
  Farmers, who paid rent for their land.

46
The rise of the middle class

• Merchants, traders, and artisans formed the
  middle class.
• The middle class gained economic and political
  power through guilds which cooperated to protect
  their own economic interests.
• Merchant Guilds
• Artisan Guilds

47
Becoming a Guild Member

• At the age 7 or 8, a child might become an
  apprentice, or trainee, to a guild master.
• Most people became journeymen, or salaried
  workers, who worked for guild members.

48
Town and City Life

• Medieval towns and cities were surrounded by
  high, protective walls.
• Because of overcrowding, city dwellers added a
  second or third story to houses and shops.
• Great cathedrals towered above all residences.