Spoken English

1
Spoken English

• Lesson 1 a
• Language Training

2
When we speak or write we use words.

• A group of words that makes complete sense is
  called a Sentence

3
Kinds of Sentences

• Sentences are of four kinds
• Those which make statements or assertions as,
• Mallika is sitting on the chair
• Those which ask questions as
• What is your name?
• Those which express commands, requests, or
  entreaties as,
• Be attentive.
• Have mercy on us.
• Those which express strong feelings as,
• How cold the night is!
• How green was my valley!
• What a disgrace!

4

• A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is
  called a Declarative or Assertive sentence. Also
  known as an Affirmative sentence
• A sentence that asks a question is called an
  Interrogative sentence.
• A sentence that expresses a command or an
  entreaty is called an Imperative sentence.
• A sentence that expresses a strong feeling is
  called an Exclamatory sentence.

5
Subject and Predicate

• When we make a sentence
• We name some person or thing and
• Say something about that person or thing.
• Hence every sentence has two parts
• The part which names the person or thing we are
  speaking about. This is called the Subject of the
  sentence.
• The part which tells something about the Subject.
  This is called the Predicate of the sentence.

6
Exercise 1Identify the Subject and the Predicate

1. Stone walls do not a prison make.
2. The singing of the birds delights us.
3. He has a good memory.
4. Borrowed garments never fit well.
5. I shot an arrow into the air.
6. A barking sound the shepherd hears.
7. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.
8. Nature is the best physician.
9. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
10. The early bird catches the worm.

7
Parts of Speech

• Words are divided into different classes, called
  Parts of Speech, according to their function in a
  sentence. There are eight parts of speech
• Noun
• Adjective
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection

8
Noun

• A Noun is a word used as the name of a person,
  place, or thing.
• Newton was a great physicist
• Delhi is the capital of India
• The sun shines bright.
• His courage won him honor

9
Adjective

• An Adjective is a word used to add something to
  the meaning of a noun. It qualifies a noun.
• He is a kind man.
• There are twelve months in a year

10
Pronoun

• A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
• Rita couldnt come as she is out of station
• Keep the book where it was

11
Verb

• A Verb is a word used lo express an action or
  state.
• The child ran to his mother
• Puri is by the sea
• Water and air are essential for life

12
Adverb

• An Adverb is a word used to add something to the
  meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another
  adverb.
• He walked to the dais quickly
• This dress is very pretty
• She pronounced the word quite correctly

13
Preposition

• A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a
  pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted
  by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to
  something else.
• There is a cow in the garden
• The girl is fond of music
• A cute little girl is sitting under a tree

14

• A Conjunction is a word used to join words or
  sentences.
• Sonam and Dipak are friends
• You and I will go together
• She ran fast but could not catch the thief

15
Interjection

• An Interjection is a word which expresses some
  sudden feeling.
• Hurrah! We have won the game
• Alas! She is dead

16
Kinds of Noun

• Proper Noun
• Arunachalam
• Bhopal
• Common Noun
• Man
• City
• Common Nouns include what are called Collective
  Nouns and Abstract Nouns

17
Kinds of Noun

• Collective Noun
• Family
• Nation
• Bunch
• Abstract Noun
• Laughter (action)
• Honesty (quality)
• Youth (state)
• The names of the Arts and the Sciences (e.g.,
  grammar, music, chemistry, etc.) are also
  Abstract Nouns
• Abstract Nouns are formed from adjectives, verbs
  and common nouns

18
Kinds of Noun

• Another classification of nouns is based on
  whether they are countable or uncountable.
• Countable Nouns
• Countable nouns (or countables) are the names of
  objects, people, etc. that we can count, e.g.,
  book, pen, apple, sister, doctor, horse.
• Uncountable Nouns
• Uncountable nouns (or uncountables) are the names
  of things which we cannot count, e.g., milk, oil,
  sugar, honesty.
• Countable nouns have plural forms while
  uncountable nouns do not. For example, we say
  books but we cannot say milks.

19
The Noun Gender

• In Modern English the Gender of a noun is
  entirely a matter of sex or the absence of sex.
  It has nothing to do with the form of a noun
• Masculine Gender- Tiger
• Feminine Gender - Tigress
• Common Gender - Baby
• Neuter Gender Pen

20
The Noun - Number

• A Noun that denotes one person or thing, is said
  to be in the Singular Number.
• Boy, girl, box, child, mango, photo, mouse.
• A Noun that denotes more than one person or
  thing, is said to be in the Plural Number.
• Boys, girls, boxes, children, mangoes, photos,
  mice.

21
The Noun - Case

• When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject
  of a verb, it is said to be in the Nominative
  Case
• The boy caught the ball
• When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the Object of
  a verb, it is said to be in the Objective (or
  Accusative) Case.
• The boy caught the ball

22
The Noun Case

• The noun or pronoun that denotes ownership
  /authorship/ origin/ kind is said to be in the
  possessive (or Genitive) Case
• Miriams book
• Jack Trouts essay
• Mothers love
• Childrens school

23
The Noun in Apposition

• When one noun follows another to describe it, the
  noun which follows is said to be in apposition to
  the noun which comes before it.
• Bala Saraswati, the great dancer, was from a
  Devdasi family
• I met your mother, the renowned teacher
• Have you seen Ganesh Pyne, the painters works?

24
Exercises