The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

• Support Systems
• Unit 2

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Vocabulary- combining forms

• Arthr/o joint
• Cervic/o neck
• Chondr/o cartilage
• Cost/o rib
• Crani/o skull
• Lumb/o loins, low back
• Myel/o bone marrow, spinal cord
• Oste/o bone
• Pelv/i, Pelv/o pelvis
• Radi/o radiation, X- ray, radius

• Sacr/o Sacrum
• Spondyl/o vertebrae
• Stern/o Sternum
• Thorac/o Thorax, chest
• Vertebr/o vertebrae

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Vocabulary- Suffixes

• -al pertaining to
• -centesis surgical puncture
• -clasia to break, surgical fracture
• -clast to break
• -cyte cell
• -dynia pain
• -genesis forming, producing, origin
• -graphy process of recording

• -itis inflammation
• -malacia softening
• -osis abnormal condition
• -pathy disease
• -plasty surgical repair
• -porosis porous
• -scopy visual exam
• -tomy incision
• -um structure, thing

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Vocabulary- Prefixes

• Inter- between
• Intra- within
• Sub- under, below
• Syn- or sym- union, together, joined

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Vocabulary- abbreviations

• CT computed tomography (CAT scan)
• Fx fracture
• Ortho / ORTHO orthopedics
• C1, C2,C7 Cervical Vertebra 1, Cervical
  Vertebra 2,. Cervical vertebra 7
• T1, T2,T12 Thoracic Vertebra 1, Thoracic
  Vertebra 2, Thoracic Vertebra 12
• L1, L2,L5 Lumbar Vertebra 1, Lumbar
  Vertebra 2, Lumbar Vertebra 5

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Vocabulary

• Articulation joint, where two bones come
  together
• Atlas Cervical Vertebra 1
• Axis Cervical Vertebra 2
• Crepitation Grating sound made when bone ends
  rub together
• Degeneration deteriorating
• Dislocation displacement of bone ends at a joint
• Hematopoiesis production of blood cells
• Subluxation partial dislocation (it goes back in
  on its own)

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The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System

• Hematopoiesis
• The process of producing blood cells in the red
  bone marrow
• Structure/ Support
• Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft
  tissues of the body and maintains the bodys shape

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The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System

• Muscle Attachment and Movement
• Bones serve as levers to convert muscular
  contraction to movement
• Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments,
  tendons, and muscles
• Mineral Storage
• Bones store calcium in bone matrix

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Axial vs. Appendicular

• The Axial Skeleton
• Contains the bones that are along the long axis
  of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk
• The Appendicular Skeleton
• Contains the bones of the extremities (or
  appendages)
• Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles,
  and the bones of the arms and legs

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Types of Bones

• Long longer than wide
• (femur, humerus)
• Short about equal length and width
• (carpals, tarsals)
• Flat wide thin bones
• (scapula, sternum )
• Irregular odd shaped
• (vertebrae, facial bones)
• Sesamoid form due to stress
• (patella)

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Bones of the Skull

• The Cranium (surrounds the brain)
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
• The Facial bones
• Maxillae
• Mandible
• Nasal
• Zygomatic

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Frontal Bone

• Forms the forehead
• Forms the roof of the eye sockets

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Parietal Bones

• Consists of two bones
• Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

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Temporal Bones

• Consists of two bones
• Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of
  the cranial floor

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Occipital Bone

• The base of the cranial cavity
• Prominent posterior portion

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Maxillae

• The upper jaw
• Two bones

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Mandible

• Lower jaw bone

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Nasal

• Makes up the bridge of the nose
• Two bones

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Zygomatic

• Cheek bones that make an arch for muscle to run
  under
• Two bones

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The Vertebral Column

• Composed of 33 bones
• Encloses and protects the spinal cord
• Supports the head

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Bones of the Vertebral Column

• Cervical Vertebrae7 bones located in the neck
• Thoracic Vertebrae12 bones connected to the ribs
• Lumbar Vertebrae5 bones in the lower back
• Sacral Vertebrae5 pelvic bones
• fused
• Coccygeal Vertebrae3-4 bones
• fused

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Vertebral Curvatures

• The cervical and lumbar curves are concave
  posteriorly
• The thoracic and sacral curves are convex
  posteriorly

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Bones of the Thoracic Cavity

• Sternum
• (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
• Ribs

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Bones of shoulder girdle

• responsible for holding the upper extremity onto
  the body.
• Clavicle
• Scapula

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Bones of the Upper Extremities

• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges

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Bones of the Pelvis

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Together these three bones are fused and are
  called the os coxae
• The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum

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Bones of the Lower Extremities

• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Articulations

• Joints, where two bones meet
• Types of joints
• Freely movable
• Shoulder/ hip
• Knee / elbow / fingers
• Wrist / ankle
• Semi-movable
• Between os coxae and sacrum
• Vertebrae/ pubis symphysis
• Non-movable
• Sutures (skull / pelvis)

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Ligaments

• Ligaments attach bone to bones
• They provide much of the support for our freely
  movable joints

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Fractures

• Types of fractures
• Closed or simple fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is intact
• Open or compound fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the
  bone

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Fractures

• Signs and symptoms
• Pain upon palpation (touching)
• Pain with movement
• Obvious deformity
• Caused by trauma
• Treatment Immobilization for 6-8 weeks
• Compound fractures may require surgery

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Scoliosis

• Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

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Scoliosis

• Signs Symptoms
• One hip or one shoulder higher than the other
• Back pain
• Muscle spasms
• Cause
• An imbalance of muscles
• A leg length discrepancy
• Treatment
• Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery

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Kyphosis and Lordosis

• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve
  (humpback)
• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve
  (swayback)

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Osteoarthritis

• Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and
  loss of cartilage in the joints

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Osteoarthritis

• Cause normal wear and tear on the joints
• May be specifically causes by
• Obesity
• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
• Signs Symptoms
• Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
• Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and
  loss of motion
• Treatment includes
• pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint
  replacement

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Osteoporosis

• Causes include genetic factors, age, nutrient and
  hormone levels, and lack of activity, and smoking
  
• Signs and Symptoms are loss of bone mass leading
  to brittle bones that break easily
• Treatments include drug therapy, weight-bearing
  exercise, and dietary supplements

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Sprain

• The stretching or tearing of a ligament.

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Sprain cont.

• 1st degree
• The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears
  in the tissue
• 2nd degree
• A partial tear
• 3rd degree
• A complete rupture
• Signs Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint
  laxity, instability
• Treat with RICE (rest, ice, compression,
  elevation)