Step By Step Final Conference Stepping Stones - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 33
About This Presentation
Title:

Step By Step Final Conference Stepping Stones

Description:

Step By Step Final Conference Stepping Stones IBDiM: Road and Bridge Research Institute (Poland) Cracow, ERA-NET Transport III Stepping Stones Program – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:153
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 34
Provided by: blk5
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Step By Step Final Conference Stepping Stones


1
Step By StepFinal Conference Stepping Stones
IBDiM Road and Bridge Research Institute (Poland)
  • Cracow,
  • ERA-NET Transport III
  • Stepping Stones Program
  • Wim Korver

2
Content
  • Background
  • Research questions
  • Can cities be grouped based on their transport
    characteristics?
  • Our cases an overview
  • Our approach to measure success
  • Analysis based on success ratings
  • Policy Recommendations based on case analysis
  • Conclusions

3
Background
  • Transport will become in
  • Europe the major producer of CO2 emissions
  • Technology will help, but on a local/regional
    scale more is needed behavioural changes are
    needed to reach objectives (a sustainable
    mobility system)
  • A lot of national initiatives e.g. CIVITAS,
    Better Benutten (NL) and Forschungsprogramm
    Stadtverkehr (GE)
  • What can we learn from existing behavioural
    interventions (case analysis)

4
Research Questions
5
Main Objective
  • Stepping Stones
  • 1.To understand the successful (policy) measures
    aimed at making mobility patterns more
    sustainable and the underlying mechanisms (the
    how) including social psychological factors.
  • 2.The research results should be of common
    interest across Europe or in several regions.
  • Step By Step
  • Identifying potential successful policy measures
    for changing the transport behaviour of people
    based on structural differences between cities
    and cultures

What we know after the project is completed
6
(No Transcript)
7
Base Research Approach
  • Empirical based the use of (urban) cases
  • Structural versus behavioural factors

CASES CITIES
Type of measure
Theory of Cialdini Persuasion strategies
City Type
8
Can European cities be clustered into homogeneous
groups?
9
Approach two datasets
  • Urban Audit (Eurostat)
  • 785 cities
  • Mainly demographical, geographical and
    economical data
  • Base year 2009
  • Limited information on transport use
  • TEMS-EPOMM dataset
  • 165 cities
  • Different base years
  • Shares of different transport modes (modal split)
  • No information on total transport volumes
  • New dataset is created and will be available for
    others (via ERA-NET Transport website)

10
Analysis combining all kind of variables
11
Analysis 6 major explanatory factors for mobility
  1. Total population of a city
  2. Average household income (not a person!)
  3. Surface total area of the city
  4. Population density
  5. Total number of private cars registered
  6. Cars per inhabitant of that city

12
European cities can be clustered into three major
groups. But some overlaps occur, European cities
are not that easy to cluster
13
31 CASES 15 CITIES
O1 O2
14
Structural Factors Typology of cities
Type N Within Step By Step
Car Oriented 4 Rotterdam, Tubingen, Gothenburg, Manchester
Public Transport Oriented 6 Dresden, Berlin, Warsaw, Cracow, Wroclaw, Stockholm
Multimodal oriented 5 Amsterdam, Breda, Munich, Freiburg, Malmo/Lund
15
Empirical work based on 31 cases
16
Empirical work based on 31 cases
17
  • Within report one page descriptions with
  • description of the project
  • project objective(s)
  • results and
  • lessons learned

18
Step By Step Approach
Measures taken in our cases
Structural factors
Typology of cities based on structural
factors A
Classification of type of behavioural influence
in the cases B
Assess successful-ness C
Cities/ Regions
(indications of) Success as a function of Cf(A
B)
Other factors not measured
Other measures taken in the city at the same time
or before
19
What is success?
  • Depends on whom you ask
  • Project leader, politician, interest groups,
    user, all will have different views
  • Success on what? Success can be divided in
    several aspects
  • Less car use, different opinions, budget spent,
    etc.
  • There are grades of success

20
Rating every case based on Five Steps Approach
  • 1. Was the process well performed?
  • identification of problem/problems to be
    solved/reduced?
  • choice of measure that were "appropriate" to
    solve the problem/problems?
  • formulation of targets or goals?
  • "enough" communication and dialogue with
    stakeholders and/or the public?
  • 2. Barriers for implementation and how they were
    handled
  • There were barriers for implementation but they
    were overcome and the implementation was fully
    performed
  • There were barriers for implementation which were
    only partly overcome and the implementation
    process had to be adjusted.
  • There were non, or only small, barriers and the
    implementation could be performed according to
    plan
  • 3. Were the effects evaluated?
  • All effects were evaluated according to initial
    formulation of targets and/or goals
  • Some effects were evaluated
  • No evaluation was made
  • 4. Were the goals reached? Or (if no targets)
    were the effects "large"?
  • Yes/ partly/ no
  • 5. Is the work being continued to maintain or
    increase effects?
  • yes to large extent/ partly / no

21
Success rate between 3 and 9
22
Mix of successfull unsuccessfull cases. Rating
per type of measure is more or less the same
Transport concept
Demand
Attitude
23
Rating per city type is more or less the same,
however car oriented cities rate lowest
24
Lower success rates as a result of less
evaluation and lower goal fulfillment
N31
25
Behavioral aspects The power of persuasion
  • CIALDINI
  • Social Proof - People do things they see other
    people doing
  • Authority - People will obey authority figures
  • Liking - People are persuaded by others they like
    (Facebook)
  • Scarcity - Perceived scarcity will generate
    demand
  • Reciprocity Tit for tat. Fairness
  • Commitment and Consistency - If committed,
    continue

N31
26
Behavioural Aspects
  • No relation between kind of persuasion strategy
    and success
  • If no persuasion strategy could be found (29),
    success rates are lower. Think at before hand
    about the kind of persuasive strategies
  • Do not communicate in terms like objective
    elements like the bus/bicycle is quicker, cheaper
    or things like that, but try to relate to the
    actual behavioural motives
  • Adaptive approach Successful cases show
    different kind of persuasion strategies
  • In most cases behavioural persuasion strategies
    are implicitly included, not explicitly

27
General policy recommendations
  • Process
  • Implementation
  • Evaluation
  • Goal Fulfilment
  • Continuation

28
1. Process oriented
  • In order to influence travel behavior, there
    needs to be a person who is responsible. Meaning
  • This person (or group of persons) plays the role
    of a spider in the network function and
    preferably this person can be found within city
    administration, sometimes outside city
    administration
  • In most successful cases, the person/group was
    able to create a special local network of key
    institutions and players supporting the strategy
  • Focus on positive aspects (benefits, such as
    health or better accessibility) and not negative
    aspects (higher costs)

29
2. Implementation
  • A sound problem analysis is needed
  • What is the problem/challenge what are the
    options
  • Window of opportunity needs to be identified
  • Coming from a specific national or European
    funding scheme, special event (National Road
    Construction Plan, Dresden flood 2002, Extra
    funding from car parking fees in Amsterdam, etc.)
  • If there is no obvious window, use an experiment
    project or a temporary project first
  • As each city with its players, its culture, its
    level of discussion etc. at one time is different
    from another city with other specific conditions,
    all windows of opportunity are somehow different
    from each other (e.g. German reunification)
  • Use experimental opportunities like European week
    of mobility/car free Sunday for the first steps
  • City administration always is a central player
    and needs to act
  • In most all cases, support by a highly visible
    mayor/politician is essential
  • City administrations needs both the will and the
    resources to do something

30
3. Monitoring and Evaluation (ME) After
implementing, ME are absolutely essential for
identification of positive/negative effects
  • a. ME for identifying the positive and expected
    effects, which is needed to promote the result
    that the measure was successful
  • b. ME are essential to identify any negative
    effects so that these could be corrected in the
    next round
  • c. ME is essential to be able to identify
    changed conditions which require changed
    objectives for the next round
  • d. ME is essential to maintain the process, to
    keep the momentum and to establish a SUMP
    tradition in the city
  • e. ME should be constructed in such a way that
    not only regular aspects like accessibility and
    environmental effects are measured, but more soft
    impacts like Quality of Life
  • f. Measure that influence land use patterns are
    most important in the long run, they should be
    included in all long term strategies. However,
    from an ME viewpoint, they are difficult to
    monitor. If possible include them.
  • g. ME is only possible if the target groups are
    defined properly even in the early stages of the
    process

31
4. Goal Fulfilment
  • Set realistic goals
  • Behavioural changes take time
  • Push pull packages are more efficient and
    superior to other packages of measures
  • Every type of measure can be successful or
    unsuccessful
  • Economic incentives seem to be slightly more
    effective than other measures
  • Size doesnt matter small projects can be
    effective and large ineffective and visa versa

32
5. Continuation
  • There is a life after the project
  • Maintain, improve and develop
  • Ideally, aspects of continuation are already
    included by setting up the project

33
Conclusions
  • All policy measures can be successful (or
    unsuccessful), though
  • Economic incentives measures seem to be more
    successful
  • Cities do differ (structural factors) but this
    has a small impact on successfulness of policy
    measures
  • Measures in car oriented cities are slightly less
    successful (more resistance?)
  • How measures are implemented and defined has a
    major impact on successfulness. Successful
    measures have a sound problem definition,
    realistic targets, use a specific window of
    opportunity, have an elaborate ME program and
    have thought at before hand on the life after the
    project
  • Behavioural methodologies/strategies are mostly
    used implicitly
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com