SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia.

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SS8H1The student will evaluate the
development of Native American cultures and the
impact of European exploration and settlement on
the Native American cultures in Georgia.
Concepts Individuals Groups
Institutions Technological Innovation
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Prehistoric Native Americans

• Who were they?
• When did they arrive?
• Where was their original home?
• Why did they come?
• What did they eat?
• What kind of animals did they find here?
• Where did they live?

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Who, When, and How did Native Americans Arrive?

• During the Ice Age
• Approximately 12,000 years ago
• Original Native Americans arrived on foot from
  Asia
• Used passage known as Beringia
• Served as land bridge
• Possibly as wide as 1,300 miles

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Who, When, and How?

• Migration unplanned
• Nomads wandered looking for food
• as they traveled, others followed
• Climate warmer, more food
• Found woolly mammoths, mastodons, ground sloths,
  etc.
• All Native Americans descended from these Nomads

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Who, When, and How?

• By 10,000 B.C. humans had arrived in what is now
  the Southeastern United States
• The following 11,700 years of history are divided
  into four traditions
• Paleo
• Archaic
• Woodland
• Mississippian

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The student will understand that the actions of
Individuals, Groups, and Institutions affect
society through intended and unintended
consequences.What are some groups in your
school, community, or state?How are the Paleo,
Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures
similar to one another? How are they different?

• Individuals Groups - Institutions

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The student will understand that technological
innovations have consequences, both intended and
unintended.What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society? What
inventions allowed the Mississippian culture to
become more populated than the Paleo, Archaic,
and Woodland cultures?

• Technological Innovation

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SS8H1aDescribe the evolution of Native
American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and
Mississippian) prior to European contact.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Technological Innovation

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The Prehistoric PeriodPALEO - INDIANS

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• WHO WERE THE PALEO INDIANS?

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PALEO PERIOD

• Before Europeans came to Georgia, prehistoric
  Native Americans experienced four stages of
  cultural development, or traditions.
  Anthropologists call the first tradition the
  Paleo Indian period. They are the first because
  they were the first group of people to inhabit
  North America by crossing the Beringia land
  bridge during the Ice Age from Asia (where the
  Bering Strait is today) as long ago as 10,000
  BCE. Paleo means "ancient or very old, and the
  Paleo Indians were so ancient that we know little
  about them. We do know that they got what they
  needed to survive from nature. Paleo Indians
  hunted animals that are extinct today, such as
  giant bison and elephant-like mastodons. Hunting
  provided meat food, bones for tools, and skins
  for clothing and blankets. They also ate wild
  fruits and vegetables. Stones were used as tools
  and shaped into spearheads. Paleo Indians did not
  build permanent homes because they were nomadic.
  They moved around in bands, or groups of about
  twenty, in search of food. Very little of
  Paleo-Indian civilization has survived. The only
  artifacts that archeologists have found are stone
  spearheads like the clovis point and a few other
  tools such as the atlatl, a sling like device
  used to throw spears. Skeletons with artifacts
  covered in red powder suggest burial customs-
  perhaps afterlife.

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EARLY PALEO SHELTERS
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EARLY PALEO SHELTERS
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PALEO INDIAN STONE POINTS
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PALEO SPEAR POINT
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PALEO SPEAR POINT
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PALEO / ARCHAICATLATL SPEAR
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PALEO PERIOD HUNTING THE WOOLY MAMMOTH
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THE PALEO HUNT
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PALEO FOOD
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PALEO FOOD
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SS8H1aDescribe the evolution of Native
American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and
Mississippian) prior to European contact.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Technological Innovation

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The Prehistoric PeriodARCHAIC - PERIOD

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• SS8H1a
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE ARCHAIC PERIOD?

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ARCHAIC PERIOD

• The second tradition of Georgia's prehistoric
  people was the Archaic Indian period. Around
  8,000 BCE, the earth began to get warmer. The
  animals Paleo Indians hunted disappeared due to
  climate change or overhunting. Archaic Native
  Americans hunted smaller animals, such as deer
  and rabbits. To make hunting easier, they burned
  down trees to create clearings that attracted
  animals. Archaic Indians differed from Paleo
  Indians in other ways as well. They ate a wider
  range of foods, including nuts and shellfish.
  They left large piles of shells, called middens,
  near the coast. Perhaps their biggest innovation
  was making pottery from clay. This suggests that
  they moved around less than their ancestors,
  since it would be hard to travel with many clay
  pots, however, they were still nomadic as they
  did not live in permanent villages, but instead
  moved during each season. Another common
  artifact from the period is the stone axe used to
  clear forests and plant seeds for crops. This
  was the early stage of horticulture that would
  become more advanced in the Woodland and
  Mississippian periods. They were buried with
  tools and weapons and some body ornaments which
  suggests a belief in afterlife.

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ARCHAIC SHELTERS
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ARCHAIC FOOD
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ARCHAIC TOOLS
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ARCHAIC WEAPONS
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ARCHAIC ATLATL HUNTS
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ARCHAIC FEAST
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SS8H1aDescribe the evolution of Native
American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and
Mississippian) prior to European contact.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Technological Innovation

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The Prehistoric PeriodWOODLAND - PERIOD

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• SS8H1a
• WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE WOODLAND INDIAN PERIOD?

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WOODLAND PERIOD

• The third tradition of Georgia's prehistoric
  people was the Woodland Indian period. This
  period began around 1000 B.C. and lasted some two
  thousand years. Unlike their ancestors, Woodland
  Native Americans were not as nomadic. They built
  villages, with houses meant to last. They also
  developed agriculture. Woodland people cleared
  fields and planted seeds, growing corn and beans.
  Woodland hunters began using bows and arrows.
  Because of these changes, they had a bigger food
  supply than earlier Native Americans, so the
  population grew and tribes formed. Woodland
  Native Americans began forming tribes, large
  groups of people with similar languages and
  religions led by chiefs. They also began to build
  mounds of earth and stone, in different sizes and
  shapes. Some mounds were parts of villages
  others were religious or burial sites. Examples
  of Woodland period mounds are Rock Eagle and the
  Kolomoki mounds. These mounds suggests that the
  Woodland Indians used religious ceremonies to
  honor their dead and believed in an after-life
  because of the items buried in the mounds.

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WOODLAND TOOLS
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WOODLAND HUNTING TOOLS
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CLAY POTTERY
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WOODLAND COOKING
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WOODLAND HOMES
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ROCK EAGLE
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SS8H1aDescribe the evolution of Native
American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and
Mississippian) prior to European contact.

• Concepts
• Individuals Groups Institutions
• Technological Innovation

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The Prehistoric PeriodMISSISSIPPIAN - PERIOD

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
• SS8H1a
• HOW IS THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE DIFFERENT THAN
  THE OTHERS?

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MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD

• The fourth prehistoric tradition, the
  Mississippian Indian period, began around
  A.D.700. Mississippians relied on agriculture
  even more than their ancestors and celebrated
  during the Green Corn Festival. They also raised
  livestock. With more food, the Native American
  population increased further. As a result,
  Mississippians built permanent villages. Many
  villages had public squares and protective outer
  walls known as a palisade. Houses were usually
  made of wood and clay, a method called wattle and
  daub. Mississippians even built cities. Tribes
  grew larger in the Mississippian period. Two
  tribes in Georgia were the Creek and later the
  Cherokee. As the tribes grew, a chiefdom had one
  leader and might cover many villages. Within
  tribes, groups of relatives formed clans. Both
  Creek and Cherokee tribes were matrilineal
  (ancestry traced through mothers side of
  family). We know more about the Mississippians
  than about their ancestors because they left
  behind more artifacts. We know that villages and
  tribes from as far away as the Great Plains,
  Mexico, and Guatemala traded with each other.
  Artifacts such as pipes and jewelry show that the
  Mississippians were religious and artistic.
  Mississippians left behind many flat top mounds.
  On top of the mounds were buildings, used as
  houses or temples. The mounds were also burial
  sites, holding shell and copper artifacts. Many
  mounds still stand in Georgia, including the
  Etowah Indian mounds in nearby Cartersville.
  This period was the high point of prehistoric
  civilization in Georgia. When Europeans arrived
  in the 1500s, the germs they brought killed many
  Native Americans.

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MISSISSIPPIAN MOUNDS
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MISSISSIPPIAN VILLAGES
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MISSISSIPPIAN FARMING
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MISSISSIPPIAN ART