Unit 3 Imperialism

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Unit 3 Imperialism

• What is Imperialism?
• Empire Building in the late 1800s. Eng, Fr, Ger,
  Neth
• (Russia is building empire too- but differently)

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New Imperialism Old Imperialism

• 1500s-1700s
• Europeans explored, and claimed territory in new
  world- but not so much other places. Increase
  contact with other civilizations, but not
  dominance (except Amerindians)

• Late 1800s
• In 1800 Europe directly controlled 7 of the
  earth, in 1914 84(!) British empire along
  represented 25 of world population, 20 world
  territory.
• Looking for materials, markets, and strategic
  locations
• Social Darwinism

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Why do it?

• Europe is small, with limited opportunities for
  expansion. (esp. in west). Growing population
  needs room. 1815-1932 60 million people leave
  Europe (Largest s to US, Canada, Australia, New
  Zealand)
• Nationalism (which supported growth of power),
  and industrialization (which created need for
  materials/markets, and made communication/transpor
  tation more efficient) made empire building
  possible and profitable
• Build your wealth- protect your power

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Types of Imperialism Multiple Types

• Colonial Most complete form of domination.
  Europeans take control- enforcing European rules
  and leadership (Viceroy) Control govt, econ,
  social system
• Political Influence (but not necessarily
  control) govt. May use military domination, or
  replace ruler with puppet. Protectorate
• Economic Control trade and commerce, but not
  govt. (though do influence to ensure control)
  mainly looking for trade advantage. Sphere of
  Influence
• Socio-Cultural often done with religious, or
  philanthropic means. Less coercion, just wont
  help if natives dont comply.

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Missionary

• Strong religious revivalism _at_end of 19th century,
  esp among the middle classes
• Went out to save the souls of the heathens-
  practical romanticism.
• Successful in some areas (Africa) less so in
  areas with firmly established indigenous
  religions (Like Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists)

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Forms of ImperialismSettler Colonies Tropical
dependency

• Small of Europeans outnumbered by a large of
  natives. Norm in Africa, Asia, and S. Pacific
  (which created issues with controlling natives-
  made them more military based)
• Climate considered unsuitable for women and
  children so families stayed at home.

• Larger of Europeans (might or might not
  outnumber natives- but better) Canada, Australia,
  New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya
• Climate more like Europe- bring the family. Will
  lead to development of new cultural elements

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Social Darwinism

• Survival of fittest- Europeans rule b/c they are
  stronger- they are supposed to civilize weaker
  races.
• Success fed nationalism, and success in colonies
  kept attention from issues at home.

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White Mans Burden

• Part of the Europeans superiority complex was
  that they spent a fair amount of time moaning
  about how difficult it was for them to have the
  Burden of domination.
• Poem Rudyard Kipling

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Industrialization and Imperialism

• Exploration had sought treasure and land. Now
  they need raw materials (cotton, hemp, copper,
  rubber, ivory, diamonds, cocoa, tea, coffee) for
  industry and protected markets for their stuff.
  The good news (for them) is that improved
  transportation- trains made it easier to
  penetrate inland. Panama/Suez canals cut travel
  time

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Examples of ImperialismThe British Empire India

• Mughal dynasty controlled India (but loosely,
  India always fragments, empire was falling apart)
  Europeans began trading in 1600s with Nawabs-
  Muslim princes. English French main traders,
  Dutch trade in Ceylon

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British East India Company

• Joint-stock, given a monopoly by the British
  government. Based in Calcutta. Competed with
  French, then drove them out during 7 years war.
  Company Men created trade outposts- made
  agreements with local rulers. Had Euro military,
  and native Sepoys to protect trade

• Robert Clive Defeated French at Battle of
  Madras- kicked them out of India

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Black Hole of Calcutta

• 1765
• Prince of Calcutta angry, threw English troops in
  tiny cell (several died) Upset the British, got
  permission from the Mughal Emperor to overthrow
  uncooperative princes and rule some territory
  directly. Controlled Calcutta, Bengal, and Bombay

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Rule by East India Co

• The British Raj (rule)- little by little they
  expanded the land they controlled, either by
  taking over, or setting up puppet rulers. Ever
  expanding military (European and Sepoy)
  Missionary attempts. Econ and political
  imperialism brewing

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Anglo Indian Relations

• Indians maintained rule of much territory (as
  long as they didnt upset the British). British
  didnt always want to rule directly- India is a
  hassle
• Delicate balance- princes maintain power, but
  British have control.
• Modernized, and created new jobs- but hurt
  Indias once flourishing trade economy

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Sepoy Rebellion

• 1857
• East India Co issued native troops new rifles-
  with bullet casings that offended both Hindu and
  Muslim troops (cow hide, pork fat) Touched off
  simmering anger (India is an ancient
  civilization, didnt like the way the British
  treated them as inferior)
• 1000s of British killed- govt stepped in to
  squash rebellion, and ended by taking full
  control. Colonial, Tropical Dependency. Tiny
  British pop directly controlling millions of
  Indians

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British Imperial Rule

• An English Viceroy now ruled India directly-
  powerful, efficient bureaucracy Indian Civil
  Service (Open to all- but exams given only in
  England- so all Euro). Mughal Empire disbanded,
  but various Hindu and Muslim princes allowed to
  rule as loyal subjects
• Native promised equal protection under the law,
  and the right to practice their own religious and
  social customs (though some, like Suttee, we
  outlawed)

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Durbars

• Elaborate ceremonies, and celebrations help to
  legitimize British rule (A big show was an
  important part of eastern culture)
• Victoria declared Empress of India and Prince
  of Wales (Edward VII) had elaborate coronation
  tour 1902-3

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Economic Impact

• Massive investment in infrastructure esp
  railroads (25,000 mi of track)
• Cotton, tea, silk, sugar sent in raw state to Eng
  to be processed. (Indias econ has been trade
  based for centuries- actually becomes MORE
  agricultural)
• Growth of cities, growth of disease- Cholera
  worst, contaminated drinking water.

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Indian Nationalism

• English created European style schools for
  children of native elite- train them to be 2nd
  tier rulers/bureaucrats of their own nation. But
  that created an unintended consequence- the
  English gave birth to Indian Nationalism
• 1. Brought various groups together
• 2. Gave them a common grievance
• 3 Alienated them from their native
• cultures, strove to build something
• new they could all be a part of
• Rammohun Roy- most important early
• nationalist

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Indian National Congress

• 1885 A group of educated and ambitious Indians
  gathered- with the intent of creating a larger
  role for Indians in the civil service.
• Eventually, the focus will turn to home rule, and
  then the creation of the modern Indian state
  (after wwi)

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Southeast Asia

• Competition for colonies began during
  exploration, after all- Asia was where everyone
  had been headed in the first place.
• Now pushing into new areas

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British colonies Dutch colonies

• Dutch East Indies made up of what is today
  Indonesia.
• Important source of rubber, sugar, coffee,
  tobacco and tin

• Need to control trade from China India
• Burma teak, rubber, jade, ivory
• Singapore (Malaysia) A key port and naval base,
  as well as source for tin and rubber.

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Russo- Japanese war Japan

• Had been isolationist since 1500s- Commodore
  Matthew Perry (US) opened trade in 1853.
• Meiji restoration- Japanese determined to beat
  Euro at its own game. Industrialized at record
  pace- soon needed their own colonies for raw
  materials

• 1904 Both Russia and Japan want Manchuria (north
  of China) and Korea. Japans new ultra modern
  military wins- announces them as a world power

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French Colonies

• Rather behind in colonial game- a sign of their
  struggles at home
• Most important in Asia was French Indochina
  Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

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China

• Had also been in contact with Europe since 1500s-
  and tried to keep contact at a minimum. Ming
  dynasty had made deliberate choice NOT to
  modernize- and stuck to it. By 1800 that has
  created a problem (closed to technology etc)
• Canton System Chinese only allow foreign ships
  in Canton, and will only trade for gold/silver,
  not goods.
• 1792 Eng. sent George McCartney (McCartney
  Mission) to negotiate more open trade policy.
  Chinese demanded he kowtow before emperors
  envoys- he said he would, if they would bow to a
  picture of the king. England frustrated with
  China, dont like being treated as 2nd class

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Opium Wars

• So now England needs to find a product the
  Chinese will trade for- and they find it in
  India, drugs. (Opium has been used there for
  centuries for painkilling etc..)
• Began to give it away after failure of McCartney
  mission, and by 1820 England has a positive
  balance of trade.
• Emperor tried to outlaw Opium- ineffective.
  Blocked British from landing, and burned
  warehouses of opium- British said that was a
  violation of trade- and declared war
• 1839, and 1856 Eng spanked China
• and began to force trade
• concessions

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Unequal Treaties

• Treaty of Nanking 1842 Canton system dismantled.
  Chinese lost control of their foreign trade.
• 5 ports opened- Hong Kong ceded to the British.
  Extraterritoriality and most favored nation
  status given to British.
• Other Euros see this and force their way in (US,
  Japan, France)

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Taiping Rebellion

• 1850 Chinese civil war brought about by losses in
  war and humiliation of treaties. 20 mil Chinese
  died- took govt 14 years to put down rebellion

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Spheres of Influence

• British hold monopoly on trade on the Yangzi
  River.
• Russia had Manchuria (until Russo-Japanese war)
• US demanded Open Door Policy Imperialists
  promised not to fight, but to respect each
  others claims- and allow free trade in other
  areas

• By 1900 many of Chinas ports had been carved
  up as special zones for various Imperial powers

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Africa

• Last area to be imperialized. Deepest, Darkest
  Africa had always been troubling for Europeans.
  Poor climate (for them) few navigable rivers.
  Euro had stayed on coast.
• But Africa had TONS of raw materials- and as tech
  improved and needs grew- Europe moved in

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North AfricaEgypt British

• 1st step into Africa. Ruled by Ottoman Empire
  (through a native Khedive) 1769-1849 led by
  Muhammad Ali, who wanted to modernize (capitalize
  on cotton) Borrowed from England- then starts
  having econ problems (post civil war) 1875
  England steps in to protect investment- and Suez
  canal

• From 1883- 1956 Egypt is ruled by British, became
  a model for new imperialism

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Sudan

• South of Egypt- and source of the Nile. Therefore
  British need the water- and had to conquer in
  1898 to protect their interests

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Algeria French

• Mediterranean has been home to Barbary Pirates
  for 100 years. French invade N. Africa in 1830 to
  put down piracy by 1870 control territory. Still
  theirs

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Tunisia/Morocco

• 1881 France expanded on a pretext of tribal raids
  from neighboring territory.
• Gradually extended all the way along west coast

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South Africa

• Dutch est colony on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
  as a stopping point on the way to Asia.
• After Napoleonic wars- parts of Southern Africa
  claimed by the British as well Dutch began to
  move further inland (the great trek)

• Became primarily a settler colony- as did Kenya,
  Tanzania, and Nigeria

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Shaka Zulu

• Native leader-1816 began attacking Euros to
  defend his land- successfully. (innovative
  techniques) Led British to expand their presence
  in south- which brought them into conflict with
  other Euros

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Boers

• Descendants of the Dutch. Had moved away from
  coast to Transvaal and Orange Free State- All
  well and good- until diamonds discovered there in
  1880s

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Cecil Rhodes

• Prime Minister of British Cape Colony- moved in
  to claim diamonds (stated goal Cape to Cairo
  dominance of Africa) Aggressive imperialist- said
  British should annex the stars. Founded DeBeers
  mining Co.

• Pushed British claims north into what he called
  Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) by 1910 Cape,
  Transvaal and Orange all South Africa

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Boer War

• 1899-1902
• British and Boers fight for control of territory.
  Both sides fought savagely. British created
  worlds first concentration camps for civilians
  to keep them from being able to fight.
• Massive British force sent in to overwhelm.
  British not really concerned that Dutch dont
  like them, but Dutch are supported by Germans-
  who are making British increasingly nervous

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Explorers and Missionaries

• Romanticized- seemed exotic (in an age where
  things were practical at home)
• David Livingstone- 1841, came to convert and
  explore along Zambezi river. Named Victoria
  Falls. Did a speaking tour wildly popular. Set
  off on expedition to find the source of the Nile-
  disappeared for months. Henry Stanley went in
  search of him (met at lake Tanganyika) and then
  on to claim land for king Leopold of Belgium in
  Congo.
• Popularity help precipitate the
• Scramble for Africa

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Scramble for Africa

• 1875-1901. Mad dash by Euros to claim every bit
  of land. Inspired by explorers and practical
  gains to be had- and by social Darwinism

• 1880 Europe controlled 10 of Africa, by 1914
  they had everything except Liberia and Ethiopia

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Germany

• Got a late start to imperialism b/c of
  unification issues. Bismarck wasnt interested at
  first, then realized it was one of the markers of
  a great power.
• Claimed Togoland and Cameroon in W. Africa,
  German East Africa (Tanzania) and Namibia in SW
  Africa

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Berlin Conference

• 1884-1885 Bismarck called a meeting of 14 major
  states to discuss imperialist plans- wanted to
  avoid war over disputed claims. Sat down with a
  map and carved it up. Shows Germanys increased
  role

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Italy

• Last on in. Same problems with unification, and
  they werent really industrialize either (so they
  didnt need the stuff so much) just trying to
  participate. Claimed Eritrea, part of Somalia,
  tried to take Libya

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Pacific

• Settler colonies and small tropical dependencies

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Australia and New Zealand

• 1770 Capt. James Cook claimed Australian for the
  British. Began as a Penal Colony (New South
  Wales) Sheep herding the major industry until
  gold discovered in the 1851
• Arrival of Europeans devastating for the natives.
  Aborigines continued hunter/gatherer lifestyle,
  but Maori of New Zealand signed treaties with
  British which were disavowed, and after a series
  of wars they ended up on reservations

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Islands

• Not popular with imperialist until nearly the
  end- but then liked as points for naval
  bases/trade control. Also divided at Berlin
  Conference
• France Tahiti, Marquesas, New Caledonia
• England Fiji
• Germany Marshall Islands
• US Hawaii and Philippines (Sp. Amer War)

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Global Changes from Imperialism

• Widened gap between rich and poor, created a new
  measure of success beyond Ind/not Ind. (Beginning
  of idea of 1st world and 3rd world)
• Spread industrialism worldwide- though did not
  offer control to non-euros.
• West needed to dominate the world to maintain
  their pace of growth

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Issues Economic

• Imperialists controlled resources of their
  subject countries. Global trade of new resources
  diamonds, rubber (most important) petroleum- as
  well as those long established timber, cotton,
  tea, coffee, cacao.
• Europeans filled colonies with farms for cash
  crops (either native, or introduced) often at
  expense of staple crops for native population

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Labor

• Encouraged people to emigrate from Europe for
  cheap land and econ opportunity.
• Moved natives if they needed them for labor
  source. Ex Indians to South Africa to build RR.
  (worked well to move people from dense cultures,
  like China/India)
• 1815-1932 approx 60 million left Europe-
  primarily from Eng, Ireland, Italy and Germany.
  Most went to European dominated areas like US,
  Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
• Immigrants generally from poor/rural areas
  (though not poorest- they couldnt afford ticket)
  About ½ returned to Europe at some point. Jewish
  immigrants least likely to return (persecution)

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Social

• Conflicts between Euro/natives fairly distant-
  Euros tended to stay separate. Highly insular and
  insulated, only natives they knew were
  servants. Upper class natives seldom included in
  Euro world- which bred resentment (esp in
  India/China)
• Increased opportunities for native women, and for
  European women- greater independence

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Scientific Racism

• Imperialism designed to benefit imperialists- not
  natives.
• Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) said there
  were 4 main races on the planet, each with
  distinct characteristics.
• Black (African) naturally lazy and unintelligent
• Brown (Indian/Hispanic) arrogant and dull
• Yellow (Asian) smart, but sneaky
• White (Euro) morally superior and intelligent
• Survival of the fittest- Europeans win because
  nature has selected them to rule

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International rivalries

• Between 1814-1914 there were no serious wars in
  Europe (the Crimean and Franco-Prussian were
  largest) Diplomacy and Balance of Power (Congress
  of Vienna and Realpolitik) had kept lid on Euro.
• Fighting and beating natives made Euros more
  aggressive- and used to winning easily.
• Bismarck main person responsible for balance of
  power in late 1800s- w/o him relationships
  between great powers will quickly become tense.

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Bismarcks Demise

• Wilhelm I dies 1888. New Emperor, Wilhelm II
  younger (29) more aggressive. He doesnt want to
  be a world power, he wants Germany to be the
  world power- and if he has to knock England down
  to get there- so be it. (Irony, he is Queen
  Victorias oldest Grandson) Bismarck has
  carefully avoided conflict with England- thats a
  war you cant win easily.
• Dismisses Bismarck as Chancellor in 1890- and
  Germany changes. Start building a navy, and a
  bigger army- leading into an arms race that will
  be a contributing factor to wwi.
• Wilhelm breaks a treaty with Russia b/c he wants
  to draw Germany and Austria back together
  (really?). France sees a great opportunity for
  revenge- and makes a treaty with Russia- Germany
  will now face a 2 front war if they ever fight in
  Europe (Bismarcks OTHER big fear)

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Crisis in the Balkans

• 1908- 1913
• Ottoman Empire is falling apart (Sick Man of
  Europe) especially the areas in eastern Euro.
  Become independent nations Serbia, Montenegro,
  Albania, Bulgaria, Romania.but not really, both
  Austria and Russia have their eye there.
• Austria managed to annex Bosnia Herzegovina as
  things crumbled, both Serbia and Montenegro
  claimed same territories.
• Pan slavism Slavs a major ethnic group in
  Balkansand Russia. Russia says it has a duty to
  defend (they mean dominate) Fresh off loss to
  Japan- they feel they have something to prove
• Area is getting tense- turning into a powder keg

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Balkan League

• 1912 Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro
  created a group to push Ottomans out. Cant agree
  on territorial boundaries- go to war (2nd Balkans
  War)
• A lot of bad feeling in area- which in another
  time would have stayed in the area and festered.
  But alliances, ambitions, and resentments will
  turn this overlooked area to the spark of a
  conflict that will change the course of history.