Decolonization

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Decolonization
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Decolonization

• How might we compare/contrast the movements for
  freedom in India and South Africa?
• How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela?
  And with other advocates for freedom?

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Decolonization

• European Imperialism
• First wave 15th to 17th centuries
• Second wave (ca. 1750-1900)
• New players
• Facilitated by Industrial Revolution
• Focus Asia, Africa

European expansion in the Americas
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Decolonization
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Decolonization
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Indian Independence

• India before the Raj
• Long history
• Considerable diversity
• Caste system
• Mughal Empire

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Indian Independence

• The British Raj
• Presence began with British East India Company
• Great Mutiny of 1857 ? direct British rule
• Promoted industrialization ? economic profit

Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar
(1911)
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Indian Independence

• Indian Nationalism
• Foreign presence ? Indian self-awareness
• Indian National Congress (INC)
• Established 1885 by Indian professionals,
  intellectuals
• Agitated for greater share in government, later
  for independence
• Growing discontent after WWI ? alliance between
  Hindus, Muslim League
• British repressed Indian troublemakers

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Indian Independence

• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Hindu lawyer
• Leader of nationalist forces
• United all Indians in Congress movement
• Strategy collective, nonviolent resistance
• His followers peace soldiers
• Confounded British!

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Indian Independence
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Indian Independence
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Indian Independence

• Independence
• Granted 1947
• Hindu-Muslim relations deteriorated ? India,
  Pakistan
• Civil war!
• Gandhi assassinated (1948)
• Hostilities remain today

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Indian Independence

• Questions?

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African Independence

• European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914)
• Search for raw materials, cheap labor
• International rivalry, nationalism
• The white mans burden

The Rubber Coils (1906)
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African Independence

• Decolonization (1950s to 1970s)
• Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism
• Africa for Africans
• Paths to independence
• Orderly, little violence
• Delayed and violent, due to settler populations

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South Africa

• South Africa
• European settlers ? AFRIKANERS
• British domination ? independence (1910)
• Industry, mines
• Population
• Black Africans
• Afrikaners
• British

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South Africa

• Apartheid
• Official system of social engineering intended to
  keep races separated
• Society
• Official residents of blacks BANTUSTANS
• Pass laws
• Best jobs reserved for whites
• Government
• In hands of white minority
• Blacks had no political rights

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South Africa

• The African Resistance
• African National Congress (ANC)
• Goal be able to live within existing order
• Strategy during 1950s nonviolent civil
  disobedience
• Government response
• MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960)
• Banned ANC
• Underground adopted violent methods

Massacre in Sharpeville
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South Africa

• Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)
• Attorney
• Believed in nonracial social democracy
• Joined ANC in 1944, compelled to abandon
  nonviolent stance
• Tried for crimes against government (1963-64)
• Convicted, sentenced to life imprisonment

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South Africa

• The End of Apartheid
• South Africa faced internal resistance,
  international pressure
• Mandela released 1990
• Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela ? end
  of apartheid
• Mandela elected first president of multiracial
  government (1994-99)

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South Africa
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South Africa

• Questions?

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Decolonization

• How might we compare/contrast the movements for
  freedom in India and South Africa?
• How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela?
  And with other advocates for freedom?