Vertebrates

1
Vertebrates

• Linnea Kirby, Michelle Duffy, and 
• Adrienne Vergith-Hill

2
Vertebrate Evolution

•  

3
Chordates

• notochord
• dorsal hollow nerve cord
• muscular post-anal tail
• pharyngeal slits or clefts
• deuterostomes

4
Craniates

• ?neural crest 
• genetically complex
• pharyngeal clefts

5
What is a vertebrate? 

• internal bony skeleton 
• sub phylum of Chordata
• notochord evolved into spinal cord

6
Lampreys

• Oldest living lineage of vertebrates
• Live in marine and freshwater environments
• Parasitic to fish

7
Fish

• 3 Types 
• chondrichthyes
• first lineage gnathostomes
• cartilaginous
•  must constantly swim in order to survive
• ray-finned  fish
• first lineage of osteichthyans
• operculum (gill cover)
• swim bladder
• 2-chambered hearts
• lobe-finned fish
• possibly predecessors of tetrapods

8
Amphibians

• first lineage of tetrapods
• amphibians means "two lives"
• found in damp habitats
• 3-chambered heart
• x
• x
• x

9
Amniotes

• have an amniotic egg
• amniotic egg has extraembryoic membranes
• function in gas exchange
• waste storage
• transfer of stored nutrients to embryo
• 4 membranes
• allantois
• amnion
• chorion
• yolk sac

10
Reptiles

• first lineage of amniotes
•  have scales 
• needs to use its lungs for air exchange
• waterproof barrier to prevent dehydration
• ectothermic
• 3-chambered heart

11
Reptiles cont. Birds

• endothermic
• hollow bones
• help with flight   
• flight
• feathers - made out of same protein as scales
• 4-chambered heart

12
Mammals

• amniotes that have hair and produce milk
•  4-chambered heart
•  3 subgroups
• monotremes
• lay eggs
• only found in Australia and New Guinea
• don't have nipples
• marsupials
• higher metabolic rate
• pouch
• eutherians (placental mammals)
• longer period of pregnancy
• embryonic development in uterus

13
Humans

• bipedal hominoid with a large brain
• different than hominids

14
Picture Citations

• "Baby Kangaroo - Cute Kangaroo Pictures." Crazy
  Videos, Funny Videos, Funny Pictures, Flash
  Games, Guzer.com. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
  lthttp//www.guzer.com/pictures/baby_kangaroo.phpgt.
  
• "Blue Poison Dart Frog." National Aquarium,
  Baltimore Home. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
  lthttp//www.aqua.org/animals_bluepoisondartfrog.ht
  mlgt.
• Campbell, Neil A. Biology. S.l.
  Benjamin-Cummings, 2005. Print.
• "Chimpanzee and Tiger - Best Friends FunTim."
  FunTim Fun Images and Cool Photos. Web. 28 Nov.
  2011. lthttp//www.funtim.com/dgb.htmlgt.
• "Chordate." Virtual Microscope Home Page. Web. 28
  Nov. 2011. lthttp//kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05
  /1116/chordate.htmgt.
• "Dartfrogforums.com - Dart Frog Forums." Tech
  Blog. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. lthttp//newverhost.com/re
  ports/69/69/663/dartfrogforums_com.htmlgt.
• "Echidna Spikes Poll as Cutest Aussie Animal."
  The Lab AU VetShopAustralia.com.au Blog. Web.
  28 Nov. 2011. lthttp//vetshoplab.blogspot.com/2011
  /01/echidna-spikes-poll-as-cutest-aussie.htmlgt.
• NOAA Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) Home
  Page. US Department of Commerce. Web. 28 Nov.
  2011. lthttp//coris.noaa.gov/gt.
• "NOAA Ocean Explorer Pacific Hagfish." NOAA,
  Ocean Explorer. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
  lthttp//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_
  clark01/logs/jul08/media/hagfish.htmlgt.
• "Oops Cell Shows Up a Billion Years Early Bob
  Enyart Live." Home Bob Enyart Live. Web. 28
  Nov. 2011. lthttp//kgov.com/bel/20100903gt.
• "Phyla Class Animal Diversity." Quia. Web. 28
  Nov. 2011. lthttp//www.quia.com/jg/1962577list.htm
  lgt.
• "Reptiles Animals with Scales." Kidport Home
  Page. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. lthttp//www.kidport.com/r
  eflib/science/animals/reptiles.htmgt.
• "Shark Behind Scuba Divers Photo Hoax." Latest
  Email Hoaxes - Current Internet Scams -
  Hoax-Slayer. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
  lthttp//www.hoax-slayer.com/shark-behind-divers.sh
  tmlgt.
• "Stephanie Lisa Tara's Blog." Social Moms the
  Influential Moms Network. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
  lthttp//www.socialmoms.net/profiles/blog/list?user
  3u3flc1v7aj7qgt.

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The End