Testing%20and%20Individual%20Differences

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• Testing and Individual Differences
• Define intelligence

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Who Is the Most Intelligent?...
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Serena Williams

• Age 22 won a record-setting three Grand Slam
  tennis titles in a row for an unheard-of 6 Grand
  Slams
• Won the 2003 Wimbledon title
• First woman tennis player to earn 4 million in a
  single year

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Bill Gates

• At age 48 he became the richest man in the US-
  worth 61 billion
• He began writing computer programs in 8th grade
• Wrote one of the first operating systems to run a
  computer
• In his 20s he founded Microsoft

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Kim Ung-Yong

• Scored a 210 IQ on the Stanford-Binet test and
  made the Guinness Book of World Records
• By age 3 he learned differential calculus
• By age 4 he could read write 4 languages
• He received his Ph.D in physics at age 15 and
  then began work for NASA

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Midori

• Age 3 she began playing the violin
• She could memorize and flawlessly perform long
  and complicated pieces of classical music
• By age 10 she was considered a musical prodigy
  and played with the NY Philharmonic Orchestra

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How Do We MeasureIndividual Differences?
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Validity and Reliability

• Validity A property exhibited by a test that
  measures what it purports to measure
• Face validity
• Content validity
• Item analysis
• Criterion validity

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Validity and Reliability

• Reliability A property exhibited by a test
  that yields the same results over time
• Test-retest reliability
• Split-half reliability

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Standardization and Norms

• Scientists use statistics to establish a normal
  curve
• This curve can be used to describe most phenomena
• Normal range Scores falling near the middle of
  a normal distribution

fudge
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The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores
Many
Normal Range
Number of Persons
Few
IQ
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Types of Tests

• Objective tests can be scored easily by machine
• In subjective tests, individuals are given an
  ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and
  asked to describe what they see or finish a story

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Inkblots
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• Inter-rater reliability measures how similarly
  two different test scorers would score a test
• With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing
  ground.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Ethics and Standards in Testing

• Ethical concerns related to testing involve
• The confidentiality of the test results
• How to report the results
• How to use the test to compare individuals
• The impact of tests on society as a whole

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What do you know?

• When we check to see whether a test will yield
  the same results over time, we are assessing its
• Reliability
• Validity
• Normality
• Objectivity
• subjectivity
• The TAT is a _______________ test?
• All of the following are components of ethical
  testing except
• Item analysis
• Validity
• Reliability
• Objectivity
• instinct

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How is IntelligenceMeasured?
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How is IntelligenceMeasured?

• Binet-Simon Test calculated a childs mental age
  and compared it to his or her chronological age
• In America, testing became widespread for the
  assessment of Army recruits, immigrants, and
  schoolchildren
• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is the most
  respected of the new American tests of
  intelligence

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How is IntelligenceMeasured?

• Intelligence quotient A numerical score on an
  intelligence test, original computed by dividing
  a persons mental age by chronological age and
  multiplying by 100
• The original IQ calculation was abandoned in
  favor of standard scores based on the normal
  distribution

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Sample IQ Test Items

• Select the best definition for each word
• Viable
• Traveled
• Capable of living
• V-shaped
• Can be bent
• Imminent
• Defenseless
• Expensive
• Impending
• notorious

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Analogies examine the relationship between the
first two words. Then find the answer that has
the same relationship with the word in bold
letters

• WashingtonLincoln
• July
• January
• April
• May
• October
• OceanCanoe
• Verse
• Poem
• Pen
• Water
• serve

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Similarities Which letter on the right belongs
to the same category as the one on the left?

1. J AMSZT
2. A SDUVX

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Sequences Choose the answer that best completes
the sequence

• Azbycxd? E, s, u, w, f
• 1 3 6 10 15? 16, 18, 21, 27, 128

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Mathematical reasoning

• Portland and Seattle are actually 150 miles
  apart, but on a map they are two inches apart.
  If Chicago and Norfolk are five inches apart on
  the same map, what is the actual distance between
  those two cities?
• 125 miles
• 250 miles
• 375 miles
• 525 miles

The roundest knight at King Arthur's round table
was Sir Cumference.       He acquired his size
from too much pi.
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The Exceptional Child

• Mental retardation Often conceived as
  representing the lower 2 of the IQ range
• Giftedness Often conceived as representingthe
  upper 2 of the IQ range

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Termans studies

• Selected 1528 children who scored near the top of
  the IQ range in 1921.
• Longitudinal study until they were adults.
• Retested them throughout the years.
• Gathered information on achievements and
  adjustment patterns.
• Excelled in school
• They published 2000 scientific articles, patented
  235 inventions, wrote 92 books.
• Despite achievements none of them became a
  Picasso, Einstein etc. Many of them led normal
  uneventful lives.

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Check your understanding

• RECALL One of Binets great ideas was that of
  mental age, which was defined as
• a. the average age at which people achieve a
  particular score on an intelligence test.
• b. an individuals biological age plus the score
  he or she achieves on a mental test.
• c. an individuals level of emotional maturity,
  as judged by the examiner.
• d. The variability in scores seen when an
  individual is tested repeatedly.
• e. a means of measuring performance on a test
  against a specific learning goal.

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APPLICATION

• You have tested a 12-year-old child and found
  that she has a mental age of 15. Using the
  original IQ formula, what is her IQ?
• 50
• 75
• 100
• 115
• 125

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RECALL

• A problem with the original IQ formula is that it
  gave a distorted picture of the intellectual
  abilities of
• Adults
• Children
• Retarded persons
• Gifted students
• The elderly

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Core Concept

• If intelligence is a normally distributed
  characteristic, then you would expect to find it
• To be different abilities in different people
• To be spread throughout the population, but with
  most people clustered near the middle of the
  range.
• To a significant degree only in people whose IQ
  scores are above 100.
• To be determined entirely by hereditary factors.
• To be determined entirely by environmental
  factors.

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What Are the Componentsof Intelligence?
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What Are the Componentsof Intelligence?

• Savant syndrome Found in individuals who have a
  remarkable talent even though they are mentally
  slow in other domains

Dustin Hoffman portrayed an autistic savant in
the film Rain Man.
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Psychometric Theories of Intelligence

• People who performed well on one cognitive test
  tended to perform well on other tests, while
  those who scored badly on one test tended to
  score badly on other. He concluded that
  intelligence is general cognitive ability that
  could be measured and numerically expressed
• g Factor A general ability, proposed by
  Spearman as the main factor underlying all
  intelligent mental activity
• G is for general intellect, something that is
  innate.

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Psychometric Theories of IntelligenceMental
MeasurementsThese Psychologists develop tests
to measure mental abilities

• Raymond Cattell 1963 two components
• Crystallized intelligence The knowledge a
  person has acquired, plus the ability to access
  that knowledge
• Fluid intelligence The ability to see complex
  relationships and solve problems

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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
Ability to cope with the environment street
smarts
Practical Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Ability to analyze problems and find correct
answers ability measured by most IQ tests
Analytical Intelligence
also called logical reasoning
Creative Intelligence
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
Practical Intelligence
Form of intelligence that helps people see new
relationships among concepts involves insight
and creativity
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic

• Often measured on IQ tests with reading
  comprehension and vocabulary tests

Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic

• Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math
  problems and logic problems

Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical

• Ability to form mental images of objects and
  think about their relationships in space

Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial

• Ability to perceive and create patterns of
  rhythms and pitches

Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical

• Ability for controlled movement and coordination

Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Ability to understand other peoples emotions,
  motives and actions

Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense
  of identity

Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Gardners Three New Intelligences

• Naturalistic intelligence - ability to discern
  patterns in nature (e.g. Darwin)
• Spiritual Intelligence - recognition of the
  spiritual
• Existential intelligence - concern with 'ultimate
  issues' The meaning of life kind of stuff.

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Cultural Definitions of Intelligence

• Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that
  intelligence has different meanings in
  different cultures

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How Do Psychologists Explain IQ
DifferencesAmong Groups?
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How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences
Among Groups?

• Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence
  is substantially influenced by genetics
• Environmental approaches argue that intelligence
  can be dramatically shaped by influences such as
• Health
• Economics
• Education

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Heritability and Group Differences

• Heritability Amount of trait variation within
  a group, raised under the same conditions, that
  can be attributed to genetic differences
• Heritability says nothing about between-group
  differences

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Heritability and Group Differences

• Research with twins and adopted children shows
  genetic influences on a wide range of attributes,
  including intelligence
• Research has also shown that racial and class
  differences in IQ scores can be eliminated by
  environmental changes

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End of PPT