i>Clicker Questions

1
Chapter 1 Origins, ca. 400,000-1100 B.C.E.
igtClicker Questions
2
Which of the following best defines civilization?

1. A system of manners and social conduct
2. A system of social and political organization
   and shared way of thinking and believing
3. A system by which individuals merge themselves
   and their interest into a larger community
4. A system of culture, art, and theology that
   explains the larger world

3
Why did American educational leaders create the
Western civilization course?

1. Because World War I had renewed interest in
   Europe and its history
2. To replace Latin, which was being eliminated as
   a required course in most colleges and
   universities
3. Because they were concerned that young people
   were becoming cut off from European intellectual
   and cultural traditions
4. To appease European political leaders who
   objected to American world leadership

4
Artifacts discovered at Avebury and similar stone
circle sites prove which of the following?

1. The people worshipped an earth-goddess who
   symbolized life and brought fertility to the
   land.
2. The people were enslaved under a powerful clan
   leader who could force long periods of labor from
   them.
3. Neighboring clans frequently sought to destroy
   the circles, for they rejected the religious
   beliefs of the circle builders.
4. The circles were built over a very short period
   of time, two to three years at most.

5
During the Neolithic era, the development of
agriculture and transition to settled life

1. weakened the bonds of extended family and
   kinship networks.
2. occurred in the Near East and then afterward
   spread to other major civilizations.
3. diminished the practice of trade as tribes no
   longer moved around.
4. did not occur in the Americas.

6
The Sumerian system of writing

1. evolved as pigmented inks were used to make
   symbols on animal parchments.
2. limited each sign to one distinct idea.
3. made its most important breakthrough when
   scribes began to use signs to represent sounds.
4. reached its fullest development as ideograms
   allowed signs to symbolize ideas.

7
In Neolithic society, the building of walls

1. was the most fundamental and universal feature
   of settled communities.
2. was a symbolic act to define the community, with
   little practical usage.
3. was not pursued in circumstance where other
   types of defenses were more effective.
4. tended to inhibit agricultural development by
   cutting off emerging towns from the countryside.

8
The patriarch of a tribe in Sumerian society

1. exercised all rights over family members.
2. was not bound by custom or tradition in the
   governance of his tribe.
3. divided land and property equally between sons
   and daughters.
4. led the families in the tribe but cooperated
   with the heads of related families.

9
Which of the following was a consequence of the
harsh environment of Sumer?

1. Sumerians viewed their gods as benevolent
   creatures who protected them from nature.
2. Sumerians considered their gods weak and
   insignificant.
3. Sumerians adopted a grim and pessimistic spirit.
   
4. Sumerians considered the gods to be distant
   beings who had little contact with humans.

10
Which of the following best characterizes slaves
in Sumerian society?

1. They were Africans purchased through trade
   routes.
2. They were denied all legal rights and
   protections.
3. They engaged in trade and could make profits and
   borrow money to buy their freedom.
4. They could not be physically abused by their
   masters.

11
How did the Hittites interact with their powerful
Egyptian and Babylonian neighbors?

1. Constant warfare among the three powers created
   instability throughout the Near East.
2. The Hittites believed all foreigners were
   spiritually impure and worked to destroy all
   influences from these other cultures.
3. The three powers formed an alliance, calling
   each other brother, that produced an era of
   peace.
4. The mountainous terrain in Anatolia kept the
   Hittites largely cut off from the other great
   powers.

12
Answer Key for Chapter 1

1. Answer is B.
2. Answer is C.
3. Answer is A.
4. Answer is A.
5. Answer is C.
6. Answer is C.
7. Answer is D.
8. Answer is C.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is C.

13
Chapter 2 Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in
the Near East, ca. 1100-513 B.C.E.
igtClicker Questions
14
How did the fall of the large empires of Egypt
and the Hittites affect the small kingdoms of the
Near East (the Phoenicians and the Hebrews)?

1. The small kingdoms were destroyed and their
   populations scattered.
2. The small kingdoms became more insular, rejecting
   foreign influences as impure corruptions of their
   societies.
3. The small kingdoms passed their local traditions
   among their neighbors, creating a more common
   Near Eastern culture.
4. The small kingdoms grew into large powers able to
   challenge others for dominance in Mediterranean
   world.

15
How were the Libyans affected by their conquests
in Egypt?

1. The Libyans turned against imperial expansion as
   their victories came with a large loss of life.
2. The Libyans established themselves as a closed
   caste within Egyptian society in order to
   maintain their distinct culture.
3. The Libyans adopted Egyptian culture, religion,
   and way of life.
4. The Libyans turned against imperial expansion,
   for it would require them to abandon their rural,
   agricultural society.

16
As they moved into Palestine, how did the Hebrews
interact with their neighbors?

1. The Hebrews destroyed the local peoples, who
   lacked any means of resistance.
2. The Hebrews fought wars but also mingled with
   local people, with some Hebrews adopting the
   local culture.
3. The Hebrews completely adopted the local culture
   and merged with the local peoples.
4. The Hebrews were rejected by the local peoples
   as impure foreigners.

17
When Israel divided after the death of Solomon,
what central difference emerged between Israel
and Judah?

1. Judah remained a traditional agricultural state,
   while Israel aggressively pursued commerce and
   manufacturing.
2. Judah worshipped only Yahweh, while Israel
   allowed temples for other gods.
3. Judah established a council of tribal leaders to
   direct affairs, while Israel remained a
   traditional monarchy.
4. Judah welcomed influences from across the Near
   East, while Israel culturally isolated itself.

18
How did the kingdom of Judah survive Assyrian
expansion?

1. The kingdom of Judah defeated the Assyrian army
   at the Battle of Armageddon.
2. Judah had no valuable resources that the
   Assyrians desired.
3. The Assyrians became distracted by a more
   serious revolt to their north and did not bother
   with this minor kingdom to their south.
4. The kingdom of Judah became subservient to
   Assyrian empire.

19
As nomadic Hebrews transitioned to settled
agriculture, how was their society transformed?

1. The roles available to women expanded.
2. The tribe became less important than the extended
   family.
3. Land came to be owned communally rather than
   individually.
4. Marriage became increasingly polygamous.

20
How did Persias central geographic featurea
broad central plateau in the heart of the
countryaffect the regions development?

1. The plateau offered protection from invaders,
   isolating the Iranian people culturally and
   economically.
2. The plateau created a highway between Eastern
   and Western civilizations and in which nomads and
   city dwellers interacted.
3. The plateau served as an ideal agricultural
   environment with ample rainfall that could be
   collected and stored, providing wealth and
   security to the region.
4. The plateau linked the interior of the Middle
   East to the sea, facilitating trade and commerce.

21
What innovation did the Assyrians bring to palace
artwork?

1. Interior sculptures mixed the imagery of
   political and religious figures in order to
   justify kingly rule.
2. Palace reliefs portrayed military events as a
   series of episodes that told a continuous story.
3. A domed ceiling linked the height and grandeur
   of the palace with the rule of the gods in the
   heavens.
4. Interior walls also served as exterior defensive
   walls.

22
What was the central theme of the teaching of
Zoroaster?

1. The evil desires of humans can only be
   diminished, not eliminated.
2. Life was a constant battled between the opposing
   forces of good and evil.
3. Human life was insignificant in comparison to
   the glory of the gods.
4. Pain in this life was the result of human
   weakness.

23
Which of the following correctly characterizes
the teachings of Zoroaster?

1. Humans were too morally weak to choose between
   good and evil and had to rely strictly on
   religious laws to guide their behavior.
2. At death, human existence ceased, and the soul
   converted into the spiritual matter that filled
   the universe.
3. Humans possessed freewill for good or evil and
   had to use their own conscience to guide them
   through life.
4. At death, the gods welcomed all humans into
   companionship with them in the heavenly city.

24
Answer Key for Chapter 2

1. Answer is C.
2. Answer is C.
3. Answer is B.
4. Answer is B.
5. Answer is D.
6. Answer is B.
7. Answer is B.
8. Answer is B.
9. Answer is B.
10. Answer is C.

25
Chapter 3 The Development of Classical Greece,
ca. 2000-338 B.C.E.
igtClicker Questions
26
How did Greeces geography affect its
development?

1. Throughout Greece, broad fertile plains allowed
   for abundant agriculture, permitting the people
   to develop commerce and manufacturing.
2. Surrounded by water on three sides and mountains
   on the fourth, Greeces natural defenses meant
   that the Greeks did not need to spend money on
   the military, but instead focused on philosophy
   and technology.
3. The numerous mountain ranges throughout Greece
   split up the land and encouraged political
   fragmentation, so that power resided in local
   city-states rather than in a unified kingdom.
4. The numerous large rivers in Greece facilitated
   trade and cultural interconnection throughout the
   Grecian countryside.

27
Which one of the following best characterizes
Mycenaean society?

1. The Mycenaean economy had an extensive division
   of labor controlled by the palace.
2. Mycenaean society was largely egalitarian, with
   city governors elected by the free vote of all
   male citizens.
3. The economic center of the kingdom was the
   village market, where the agricultural surplus
   was traded.
4. Mycenae outlawed slavery as a violation of the
   free will of each individual.

28
The political center of the polis, where shops,
public buildings, and courts were located, was
called the

1. acropolis.
2. agora
3. hoplite.
4. attica.

29
What was the fundamental effect of Pisistratuss
reign as tyrant in Athens?

1. Pisistratus supported the common people and
   promoted the growth of democratic ideals.
2. Pisistratus undermined the system of Athenian
   law by acting arbitrarily in his edicts.
3. Pisistratus reinforced the power of the
   aristocrats and their control over the poor
   laborers.
4. Pisistratus abolished the system of slavery and
   established the communal ownership of land.

30
How did the process of colonization affect the
Greeks?

1. The costs of colonization nearly bankrupted the
   city-states, forcing the Greeks to launch new
   wars to obtain tribute.
2. The polis had to assume far greater public
   functions in order to organize efforts to
   establish new colonies.
3. The distinctive features of Greek culture were
   overwhelmed by the cultures of the people they
   sought to colonize.
4. The requirements of colonization led to a series
   of technological innovations that made the Greek
   military the most powerful in the Western world.

31
Every four years the Athenians held their most
important religious festival in which they
processed to

1. the Erechtheum.
2. the Temple of Athena Nike.
3. the Parthenon.
4. the Propylaea.

32
How did the Megarian Decree seek to punish
Megara?

1. Megarians were excluded from all trade with
   Athens and its empire.
2. Megarians were denied access to religious
   shrines on Athenian territory.
3. Megarians were denied entrance into the councils
   of the Delian League.
4. Megarians were excluded from the Olympic games.

33
What did Greek mystery cults offer their
initiates?

1. The promise of life after death.
2. Healing waters believed to cure most illnesses .
3. Knowledge of the secrets of the gods .
4. Sexual freedom in mass orgies .

34
Which of the following statements best describes
the meaning of the plays of Sophocles?

1. Humans should follow their own reason even if it
   violates public laws.
2. Humans should obey the will of the gods, even
   without fully understanding it.
3. Humans should obey the laws of the polis, even
   if they disagree with them.
4. Humans should follow their own consciences
   despite religious doctrine.

35
When did Greeks typically visit religious shrines
and temples?

1. At weekly gatherings to worship particular
   deities .
2. When needed for private matters or as part of a
   procession .
3. When certain ritual moments required it, such as
   the birth of a child .
4. At extraordinary moments, such as when a war
   began.

36
Answer Key for Chapter 3

1. Answer is C.
2. Answer is A.
3. Answer is B.
4. Answer is A.
5. Answer is B.
6. Answer is C.
7. Answer is A.
8. Answer is A.
9. Answer is B.
10. Answer is B.

37
Chapter 4 The Hellenistic World, 336-30
B.C.E.
igtClicker Questions
38
As Alexander launched his journey of conquest,
who accompanied him in addition to the military?

1. Royal wives and concubines to ensure their
   faithfulness to Alexander
2. The sons of the kings of the Greek city-states
   to ensure their loyalty in Alexanders absence
3. Philosophers, poets, and scientists to pursue an
   expedition of discovery
4. A group of Athenian merchants to guide Alexander
   when establishing economic policies in conquered
   territories

39
How was the Hellenic period different from the
Hellenistic period?

1. The Hellenic period witnessed a growth of
   philosophy, science, and the arts, whereas all of
   these activities withered during the Hellenistic
   period.
2. The Hellenic period was marked by constant
   warfare, whereas the Hellenistic period was
   marked by a three decades of peace under
   Alexanders rule.
3. The Hellenic period was marked by a strong
   foreign influence on Greek culture, whereas the
   Hellenistic period was marked by a rejection of
   non-Greek influences.
4. The Hellenic period was marked by similarities
   among those connected to Greek culture, whereas
   the Hellenistic period was marked by differences
   among those connected to Greek culture.

40
In order to promote political unity, to whom did
the Hellenistic monarchs link themselves?

1. The gods
2. The common people
3. The nobility
4. The military leaders

41
Why did Hellenistic monarchs seek to make their
states resemble the Greek polis?

1. They saw the Greek polis as the only acceptable
   model of society.
2. They sought to teach the local population the
   ideas of Greek political rights.
3. They wanted to encourage immigration by Greeks
   into their lands.
4. They were required by army generals to maintain
   all traditional Greek political rights.

42
The Seleucid dynasty adopted Hellenization most
significantly because

1. the Seleucids undertook an active, organized
   promotion of Hellenization.
2. the Seleucids believed Greek culture and
   religion to be superior to all others.
3. the military required all local leaders to learn
   Greek.
4. their regions already had substantial commercial
   ties with Greece.

43
Why didnt innovations in manufacturing
technologies occur during the Hellenistic period?

1. Knowledge of machinery was not valued by the
   Greeks.
2. The Greek world honored philosophy but ignored
   more practical forms of knowledge.
3. Powerful labor guilds prevented the introduction
   of machinery that would reduce the employment of
   their members.
4. Human labor was so cheap and plentiful that
   there was little motivation to develop
   labor-saving devices.

44
What major advantage did the mystery religions
have over the older Greek mystery cults?

1. The mystery religions promised eternal life.
2. The mystery religions were not tied to a
   particular location that required expensive
   pilgrimages.
3. The mystery religions did not require adherents
   to learn Greek.
4. The mystery religions required devotion and
   sustained contemplation, but did not require fees
   from its members, making it accessible to the
   poor.

45
Which one of the following best characterizes
Jews in Hellenistic cities?

1. Jews adopted much of Hellenic culture but
   remained attached to the Jewish faith.
2. Jews isolated themselves from Greek influence
   both culturally and religiously.
3. Jews embraced both Greek culture and religion
   while also sustaining traditional Jewish
   religious ideals.
4. Jews often abandoned Jewish culture and religion
   for the intellectually superior Hellenic models.

46
Why was the city of Alexandria in Egypt an
important intellectual center?

1. Alexandria hosted a meeting every ten years of
   the finest minds across the Hellenistic world.
2. Alexandria sponsored a competition for the
   finest book produced every year, with a
   substantial cash award if the winner would live
   in Alexandria.
3. Alexandria had a library with a massive
   collection of Greek texts.
4. Alexandria unified the knowledge of the
   Hellenistic world with knowledge developed in
   equatorial Africa.

47
How did the new military machinery affect
warfare?

1. The effectiveness of new weapons made warfare
   less agonizing, as death came more quickly.
2. The new technologies undermined the power of
   generals and commanders, as strategies became
   simplified around machinery.
3. Warfare was no longer limited to the
   battlefield, but walled cities became the focus
   of sieges and attacks.
4. Foot soldiers no longer played an important role
   in warfare, as the technology allowed for victory
   or defeat at a distance.

48
Answer Key for Chapter 4

1. Answer is C.
2. Answer is D
3. Answer is A.
4. Answer is C.
5. Answer is C.
6. Answer is D.
7. Answer is B.
8. Answer is A.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is C.

49
Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome, ca. 750-31
B.C.E.
igtClicker Questions
50
What achievement provided the foundation for
Romes success?

1. Rome incorporated conquered people into the
   Roman system, extending to them the possibility
   of Roman citizenship.
2. Rome established an organizational and fiscal
   system that allowed armies to be raised on a
   massive scale beyond any previous Western
   society.
3. Rome unified a political and religious vision of
   society that found application in diverse
   cultures and widespread acceptance.
4. Rome provided such effective political and
   military protection that conquered people
   considered Roman rule an acceptable price for
   political stability.

51
How did the Etruscans organize themselves
politically?

1. The Etruscans organized themselves as a military
   dictatorship.
2. The Etruscans organized themselves as a
   democracy for all citizens.
3. The Etruscans organized themselves as an
   oligarchy in which a noble ruling class held all
   authority.
4. The Etruscans organized themselves into a loose
   league of city-states.

52
Why did the senate gain prestige and power in the
early republic of Rome?

1. The senate included simple artisans and
   laborers, giving it broad social representation.
2. The senate successfully undermined an ambitious
   general who had sought to assume dictatorial
   powers .
3. The senators established their own military
   troops to counter the power of the consuls .
4. The senators built experience and knowledge over
   the course of long service .

53
How did the political power of the plebeians
change during the course of the early Roman
republic?

1. The plebeians lost power as the traditions of
   the city-state gave way to the traditions of the
   republic.
2. The plebeians gained power because their success
   in the military made them a greater threat to the
   senate.
3. Plebeians won the right to meet in their own
   assembly, and their ordinances were recognized as
   binding on the entire population.
4. The plebeians lost authority because their
   frequent absences with the military prevented
   them from sustaining political influence in Rome
   itself.

54
How did the Roman conquests develop?

1. The Romans followed a plan to dominate the
   Mediterranean set out by Pyrrus in the third
   century B.C.E.
2. The Romans separated the Mediterranean into two
   zones, with two armies competing to see which
   could achieve domination most quickly.
3. The Romans responded to situations as they
   arose, without any grand plan or strategy.
4. The Romans stumbled into power when their rivals
   the Carthaginians unexpectedly collapsed due to
   plague.

55
The pax Romana refers to

1. the Roman peace established by adapting Roman
   institutions and ideals to the new world empire.
2. the Roman peace established by the dominating
   force of the Roman army.
3. the Roman peace established by forcing Roman
   culture on subject peoples.
4. the Roman peace achieved as the empire embraced
   Christianity.

56
How did Roman conquests affect Roman society?

1. Roman society became more stressful, since
   numerous administrative responsibilities emerged
   to manage the new empire.
2. Roman society became more culturally exclusive
   as Romans sought to reinforce traditional
   culture.
3. Roman society became less sophisticated as clear
   cultural and social boundaries were needed to
   maintain stability.
4. Romans society became more fast-paced and less
   formal as leisure became a more common pursuit.

57
What native artistic tradition did Roman artists
sustain despite influences from Greece?

1. Life-sized statues
2. Frescos depicting military victories
3. Realistic portraiture
4. Tiled mosaics

58
Why was Cleopatra hated by the Roman people when
she came to Rome with Julius Caesar?

1. Cleopatra was viewed as a traitor for having
   betrayed Pompey.
2. Cleopatra was viewed as a symbol of the immoral
   East and a threat to traditional Roman values.
3. The Romans viewed any woman who held political
   authority as a violation of the natural order.
4. The Romans viewed anything associated with Egypt
   as a threat to Roman superiority.

59
Why did the senate make a mistake in refusing to
grant land to veterans?

1. Veterans claimed unused lands as their own and
   organized an independent military.
2. Legionnaires returned to the provinces and
   continued military expansion beyond what the
   empire could sustain.
3. Legionnaires turned to commanders, as opposed to
   the senate, to protect their interests.
4. Veterans drafted the gladiators into the army to
   undermine the senates authority.

60
Answer Key for Chapter 5

1. Answer is A.
2. Answer is D.
3. Answer is D.
4. Answer is C.
5. Answer is C.
6. Answer is B.
7. Answer is D.
8. Answer is C.
9. Answer is B.
10. Answer is C.

61
Chapter 6 The Pax Romana, 31 B.C.E.-284 C.E.
igtClicker Questions
62
The Augustan settlement included all of the
following except

1. the emperor held all executive power.
2. the senate served as a prestigious advisory
   body.
3. religious differences.
4. the law courts served as a restraint on the
   emperors exercise of authority.

63
How did Augustus reform the Roman army?

1. He turned the army into a permanent professional
   force with standard training.
2. He instituted a draft of Roman men to establish
   service in the army as a condition of
   citizenship.
3. He instituted a system of clientage so that the
   officers were judged principally on their loyalty
   to Augustus.
4. Legionnaires were given permanent assignments in
   specific locations so that they could build
   relationships with local peoples.

64
How did the historian Livy seek to support the
reforms of Augustus?

1. Livy praised military life and service to the
   Roman army as the highest virtue a citizen could
   obtain.
2. Livy praised the greatness of the republic and
   Augustuss efforts to restore it.
3. Livy praised Augustuss effort to established
   authoritarian rule as necessary in response to
   rampant political corruption.
4. Livy praised the idea of empire and Augustuss
   effort to establish an imperial system of rule.

65
What form did same-sex relationships between men
typically take in the Augustan era?

1. Same-sex relationships were formalized unions
   under Roman law that required the parties to be
   economically responsible for each other.
2. Same-sex relationships occurred only covertly
   and were subject to widespread persecution.
3. Same-sex relationships became central to
   military recruitment, since men were often away
   from their families for many years.
4. Same-sex relationships copied the Greek model of
   relationships between older and younger men or
   between men of unequal social states.

66
How did authorities distinguish between citizens
and noncitizens in Rome?

1. Citizens received free grain for bread, oil, and
   wine, while noncitizens could purchase grain at
   low prices.
2. Citizens were not subject to military service,
   while noncitizens could be forced into the army.
3. Citizens were tried in special citizen-courts,
   while noncitizens had fewer rights in common
   courts.
4. Citizens could not be arrested by city police,
   while noncitizens were regularly harassed by the
   city police.

67
How was daily life in the provinces of Asia Minor
different from daily life in northern Europe?

1. Asia Minor was a more urban and Romanized
   environment than northern Europe.
2. Asia Minor was a region of deep poverty due to
   its poor agriculture, and failed to form
   significant cities in comparison to northern
   Europe.
3. Asia Minor became the center of gladiatorial
   games, which the northern Europeans rejected as
   inhumane.
4. Asia Minor lacked natural resources for
   manufacturing, so remained economically backward
   in comparison with northern Europe.

68
What was the central belief of Jewish militant
apocalypticism in the first century C.E.?

1. The world would soon be destroyed, and the Jews
   transported to heaven.
2. The world would soon adopt the Jewish religion
   and turn to the Jews for religious and political
   leadership.
3. A messiah would soon arrive who would be
   appointed Roman emperor and relieve the Jews of
   their suffering.
4. A messiah would soon arrive who would destroy
   the Roman legions and inaugurate a period of
   happiness and plenty for the Jews.

69
For the earliest Christians, what did the belief
in Jesus resurrection signify?

1. Jews would be victorious over all who opposed
   them, especially the Romans.
2. Christians would enjoy the protection of an
   immortal who would ensure them prosperity and
   security.
3. Jesus had triumphed over death, and all
   Christians would enjoy immortality.
4. Roman political authority would soon crumble,
   for they had lost control over life and death.

70
How was farming life threatened in the third
century C.E.?

1. A sustained period of draught ruined many farm
   families and their lands.
2. Large estate owners seized the land of local
   farmers and forced them to relocate to less
   productive lands.
3. Renegade soldiers and corrupt imperial officials
   preyed on local people, causing some farmers to
   flee their land.
4. Lands farmed for many decades decreased in
   fertility, causing farm families to abandon their
   fields and move to urban environments.

71
How did the Christian thinker Justin Martyr seek
to reconcile pagan culture with Christianity?

1. He argued that Christianity emerged out of the
   mystery religions that had emphasized the idea of
   immortality.
2. He asserted that pagan culture was so obviously
   in error that pagans would quickly accept
   Christianity when the truth was revealed to them.
   
3. He promoted a fusion between pagan and Christian
   rituals by having Christians adopt pagan holidays
   as their own.
4. He believed that pagan philosophers foreshadowed
   Christianity and sought to identify similarities
   between their ideas and those of Christians.

72
Answer Key for Chapter 6

1. Answer is D.
2. Answer is A.
3. Answer is B.
4. Answer is D.
5. Answer is A.
6. Answer is A.
7. Answer is D.
8. Answer is C.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is D.

73
Chapter 7 Late Antiquity, 250-600
igtClicker Questions
74
How did Diocletian and Constantine emphasize the
exalted position of the emperor as the elect of
god?

1. They had all of their imperial edicts and laws
   endorsed by religious officials.
2. They held coronation ceremonies in which Roman
   priests blessed their reigns.
3. They adopted the court ceremonies and trappings
   of the Persian Empire.
4. They had religious shrines and temples built in
   their honor.

75
How did the growing raids from barbarians affect
the local relationships between landlords and
small landholders?

1. Because landlords needed the local farmer
   laborers to devise security forces against the
   barbarians, laborers were able to demand land and
   more freedoms from the landlords.
2. For protection and security from barbarian
   raids, small landholders gave over their land to
   landlords and became tenant farmers bound to the
   land.
3. In order to ward off barbarian raids, landlords
   increasingly sold small landholders into slavery
   to barbarian chiefs.
4. In order to ward off barbarian raids, small
   landholders increasingly rebelled against
   landlords and turned their land over to barbarian
   chiefs as a form of tribute.

76
Why did Christians have great respect for monks?

1. Christians believed that monks could speak to
   God and that their prayers had special influence.
   
2. Christians believed that monks were a living
   incarnation of Gods spirit.
3. Christians believed that monks channeled the
   spirit of God for humans.
4. Christians believed that monks had full access
   to Gods holiness.

77
How did the Benedictines assist local and royal
governments?

1. The Benedictines provided governments with
   substantial financial resources through their
   payment of taxes.
2. The Benedictines educated some local young
   people who went on to serve as able
   administrators for governments.
3. The Benedictines served as local police forces
   that kept local populations under surveillance.
4. The Benedictines established information
   networks by which they collected information on
   the activities of local landholders and informed
   princes and kings.

78
Runic inscriptions provide information about
barbarian societies from what regions?

1. Spain and southern France .
2. Scandinavia and the British Isles .
3. The Black Sea .
4. Eastern Europe and western Russia .

79
During the third and fourth centuries, how were
barbarian war bands transformed?

1. War bands were slowly disbanded as they
   threatened the growing authority of the tribal
   chief.
2. War bands were increasingly turned into groups
   of dependant soldiers under the authority of the
   tribal chief and were dependent on him for their
   upkeep.
3. War bands were increasingly stratified according
   to hierarchical ranks, with land and wealth being
   accumulated by the most elite.
4. War bands seized control of tribal governance
   and displaced the power of the tribal chief with
   that of a tribal council.

80
How did the Romans respond when crop failures and
famine affected their Visigoth allies?

1. The Romans provided food supplies in exchange
   for promises to attack the Huns.
2. The Romans provided food supplies so that they
   could demonstrate their goodwill and effective
   administration to barbarian peoples.
3. The Romans forced the Visigoth to sell their own
   people into slavery in exchange for dog flesh.
4. The Romans refused to provide food in order to
   destroy the Visigoths as a potential threat.

81
The Visigothic state in southern France and Spain
was overthrown by

1. the last vestiges of the Roman army.
2. Hunnic forces seeking new agricultural lands.
3. expanding Muslim forces.
4. Frankish forces unified under the Merovingian
   kinds.

82
How did the practice of confessions change from
early Christianity to the fifth century?

1. Confession changed from being a recounting of
   Gods blessings to being a recounting of ones
   sins.
2. Confession changed from being a voluntary act to
   being a required part of the sacraments.
3. Confession changed from a time of agony and
   despair to a moment of joyous celebration.
4. Confession changed from a public ritual to a
   private one between the believer and the parish
   priest.

83
What did the Law Code of Justinian accomplish?

1. The Law Code of Justinian invented the new
   category of civil law.
2. The Law Code of Justinian was supplanted by
   Church canon law in the seventh century.
3. The Law Code of Justinian codified Roman legal
   thought.
4. The Law Code of Justinian clarified the Roman
   law and eliminated outmoded laws and
   contradictions.

84
Answer Key for Chapter 7

1. Answer is C.
2. Answer is B.
3. Answer is A.
4. Answer is B.
5. Answer is B.
6. Answer is C.
7. Answer is C.
8. Answer is C.
9. Answer is D.
10. Answer is D.

85
Chapter 8 Europe in the Early Middle Ages,
600-1000
igtClicker Questions
86
The Bedouins and urbanized Arabs of the sixth
century shared what common characteristic?

1. A similar social structure built around
   egalitarian values
2. United loyalty to the royal family
3. A rejection of trade and commerce as corrupting
   to community morals
4. A respect of each others customs, including the
   observance of family obligations

87
What is the essential element in the Islamic idea
of jihad?

1. To seek to destroy the infidels and all those
   who impede Islamic authority
2. To cultivate serenity and peace through study of
   Gods word
3. To strive or struggle to lead a virtuous life
   and spread Gods rule and law
4. To pursue a mystical understanding of God
   through asceticism and self-denial

88
Which one of the following does not correctly
characterize the Moorish city of Córdoba?

1. The population was over 2 million people.
2. The streets were well-lighted and paved.
3. There was an abundance of fresh water for
   drinking and bathing.
4. The city had a vast library of some 400,000
   books.

89
Islamic scholars made important advancements in
which two fields of study?

1. Astronomy and physics
2. Chemistry and pharmacology
3. Mathematics and medicine
4. The theories of motion and of matter

90
How did Charlemagne justify his long battles in
Germany?

1. He believed only a secure border in the Germanic
   lands could prevent future barbarian invasions
   from central Asia.
2. He needed booty and loot to fund the building of
   Christian churches and monasteries.
3. Germanic tribes had attacked Byzantium, and he
   was helping to defend a fellow Christian.
4. He was spreading Christianity to pagan peoples.

91
In the Carolingian Renaissance, what was the main
purpose of the revival of learning?

1. To create a class of literate officeholders and
   jurists who could aid the emperor in managing his
   kingdom
2. To promote an understanding of Christian
   scriptures and instruct people to pray and praise
   God correctly
3. To transform the emperors primary advisors and
   their families from warriors into a noble class
   able to control their own domains
4. To reclaim the Roman system of law

92
Which of the following concerning Viking boats is
not true?

1. The boats held between forty and sixty men.
2. The boats were propelled by a unique mechanism
   called a stern post rudder.
3. The boats moved swiftly to allow Vikings to
   strike, plunder, and flee.
4. The boats could navigate complicated rivers and
   estuaries.

93
What did the Frankish king Charles the Simple
give the Vikings to buy them off during an
invasion?

1. Normandy
2. The ampoules of oil used in the coronation
   ceremony
3. 25 chests of gold
4. His three daughters as brides

94
Which of the following was not a common practice
of manorialism?

1. A peasant had to give the lord a percentage of
   the annual harvest.
2. A peasant had to pay a fee to the lord at the
   birth of each child.
3. A peasant had to pay a fee to marry someone from
   another lords estate.
4. A peasant had to pay a fee to the lord in order
   to inherit property.

95
The transition from free laborers to serfdom was
accelerated by

1. the collapse of central royal authority.
2. a long era of droughts.
3. the Viking assaults.
4. the Roman churchs effort to consolidate its
   landholdings.

96
Answer Key for Chapter 8

1. Answer is D.
2. Answer is C.
3. Answer is A.
4. Answer is C.
5. Answer is D.
6. Answer is B.
7. Answer is B.
8. Answer is A.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is C.

97
Chapter 9 State and Church in the High Middle
Ages, 1000-1300
igtClicker Questions
98
How did William the Conqueror transform the
feudal system in England?

1. He limited the power of nobles, transforming the
   feudal system into a unified monarchy.
2. He replaced the sheriffs with justices of the
   peace who were directly responsible to the crown.
   
3. He expanded the authority of church officials so
   that they could protect the peasantry from
   abusive nobles.
4. He reinforced the power of nobles by providing
   men-in-arms to support them in their conflicts
   with village leaders and unruly peasants.

99
What fundamental principle did the French crown
seek to establish in appointing royal agents in
the provinces?

1. Royal agents should establish their effective
   authority by building alliances with provincial
   leaders, which will permit them to influence
   local politics.
2. Royal agents should seek to destroy forms of
   local power and replace that power with the
   central state.
3. Royal agents should gain their power from the
   crown and not from their own wealth or local
   connections.
4. Royal agents should create their own salaries
   and sources of wealth from their alliances in the
   province that they oversee in order to
   demonstrate to local officials their
   effectiveness.

100
How did Roger de Hauterville create political
innovations after he captured Sicily?

1. He overthrew all political practices and
   institutions on the island and sought to build a
   new, rational government from scratch.
2. He modeled his political reforms directly on the
   traditions of Ancient Rome and reestablished a
   senate and an imperial system
3. He fused Arabic and Greek political forms in
   financial management with Norman practices
   related to landholding and royal inquests.
4. He modeled his political reforms on the Greek
   city-states and reestablished a polis with a
   ruling, democratically elected council.

101
Why did Frederick II found the University of
Naples?

1. To prepare missionaries to convert Muslims
   during the Crusades
2. To train officials for his bureaucracy
3. To promote the study of the liberal arts
4. To develop knowledge about medicine and
   astronomy

102
How were popes selected in the tenth century?

1. Popes were chosen by wealthy Roman families from
   among their members.
2. Popes were appointed by the predecessors.
3. Popes were elected by the College of Cardinals.
4. Popes were selected by the bishops from among
   the cardinals.

103
How did the investiture controversy affect
political power in the German-speaking lands?

1. The emperors political power was enhanced as he
   gained control over church officials and the
   revenues produced on their lands.
2. The German high aristocracy enhanced their
   authority over peasants and knights and held the
   balance of power in Germany.
3. The popes political power was enhanced as he
   gained control over the church officials and
   lands in Germany and demonstrated the papacys
   superiority to an earthly ruler.
4. The merchant classes gained considerable
   authority in their independent cities as they
   negotiated the pope and emperor against each
   other.

104
How did the Crusaders organize the territory they
conquered in the First Crusade?

1. They placed the territories directly under papal
   authority.
2. They established four small crusader states and
   built castles and fortified towns.
3. The territories were established as tributary
   states under the French king.
4. The territories were maintained as Muslim
   dependencies under the protection of Saladin.

105
In the Fourth Crusade, whom did the Crusaders
attack?

1. Jerusalem
2. Constantinople
3. Mecca
4. Alexandria

106
Why did German emperor Otto I establish a string
of dioceses along his northern and eastern
borders?

1. He sought to demonstrate the advantages of
   Christianity to pagan peoples.
2. He wanted the churchs support in expanding his
   territory.
3. He hoped Christianity would pacify newly
   conquered Slavs.
4. He wanted to create a buffer people between
   Christian Germans and pagan Slavs.

107
Why was Christianity slow to progress in Sweden
and Finland?

1. Pagan religious leaders resisted Christianity.
2. Church officials were distracted by the
   Crusades.
3. The local nobility identified no advantages to
   adopting Christianity.
4. Royal power was weak.

108
Answer Key for Chapter 9

1. Answer is A.
2. Answer is C.
3. Answer is C.
4. Answer is B.
5. Answer is A.
6. Answer is B.
7. Answer is B.
8. Answer is B.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is D.

109
Chapter 10 The Life of the People in the High
Middle Ages, 1000-1300
igtClicker Questions
110
Which of the following is not a category within
the popular image of society in the High Middle
Ages?

1. Those who pray
2. Those who rule
3. Those who fight
4. Those who work

111
How did the advent of the money economy affect
the status of the serfs?

1. Many serfs saved money and used it to buy their
   freedom.
2. Lords were able to purchase larger numbers of
   serfs.
3. With greater access to money, noblemen drove
   small farmers out of business and forced them
   into serfdom.
4. Serfs found their money consistently devalued by
   inflation, limiting their ability to build up
   cash reserves.

112
How did the productivity of agricultural
communities improve in the tenth and eleventh
centuries?

1. Reduced warfare permitted more stable
   agriculture development.
2. Increased taxes required communities to bring
   more land into cultivation.
3. Knowledge from the Near East about methods for
   water irrigation helped to solve the problem of
   drought.
4. Several new mechanisms such as the wind and
   water mill replaced or aided human labor.

113
Which of the following does not correctly
characterize medical care during the twelfth
century?

1. Barber-surgeons offered help to individuals
   suffering from wounds and broken bones.
2. Physicians displaced midwives as the primary
   deliverers of new born children.
3. Apothecaries aided people with internal ailments
   with mixtures of herbs, salts metals and other
   ingredients.
4. Untrained traditional healers learned healing
   techniques from parents or older people.

114
What tensions existed between the church and the
people over saints?

1. People often venerated saints not authorized by
   the church.
2. The church discouraged the veneration of saints
   because it drew focus away from Christ.
3. People resisted the veneration of saints because
   of the expense involved.
4. The church frequently created new saints,
   creating confusion among the people.

115
How did the sacramental system affect the role of
priests?

1. The sacramental system enhanced the authority of
   priests over peoples lives.
2. The sacramental system removed authority from
   priests and gave it to the actions of the
   individual believer.
3. The sacramental system undermined the priests
   role as the mediator with God.
4. The sacramental system gave priest direct
   authority to declare an individual
   excommunicated.

116
Which one of the following best characterizes the
chivalric ideal?

1. Loyalty and honor were the most important
   qualities of a noble.
2. Grace and mercy were ridiculed as feminine
   qualities.
3. Intelligence and generousness were identified as
   signs of weakness.
4. Military skill was recognized as the highest
   virtue.

117
Where did noble girls receive experience as
servants or ladies in waiting?

1. In their own homes
2. In convent schools
3. In local charitable institutions
4. In the homes of relatives or high nobles

118
How did abbeys parallel the larger society?

1. The large majority of members were from poor
   families.
2. All authority rested in the hands of the abbot,
   who had absolute authority.
3. Abbeys generally divided work by class, so that
   members from peasant families did the manual
   labor.
4. The poorer monks were required to perform most
   of the religious and spiritual services.

119
Which of the following best characterizes the
membership of convents?

1. Poor women were forbidden from monastic life.
2. Nobles established convents for female family
   members that only accepted women of similar
   class.
3. Convents were generally filled with individuals
   abandoned by their families and lacking economic
   resources.
4. Convents generally held a broad mix of social
   classes, mirroring the outside world.

120
Answer Key for Chapter 10

1. Answer is B.
2. Answer is A.
3. Answer is D.
4. Answer is B.
5. Answer is A.
6. Answer is A.
7. Answer is A.
8. Answer is D.
9. Answer is C.
10. Answer is B.

121
Chapter 11 The Creativity and Challenges of
Medieval Cities, 1100-1300
igtClicker Questions
122
Which of the following was not the typical origin
of a medieval town?

1. Towns emerged around former religious sites of
   pre-Christian cultures.
2. Towns began as fortifications built in response
   to Viking invasions.
3. Towns grew up around great cathedrals and
   monasteries that drew in potential customers.
4. Towns developed from the sites of earlier Roman
   encampments.

123
What role did the leaders of the merchant guild
hold in most towns?

1. They were deeply distrusted because of prejudice
   about the moral reliability of individuals who
   profited from trade.
2. They directed one of several guilds in the town,
   but the other guilds had significant ability to
   limit the merchant guilds power by refusing to
   sell them the wares the other guilds produced.
3. They were viewed as the most moral leaders in
   the town because their wealth freed them from the
   daily toil of work.
4. They formed an oligarchy, controlling economic
   life and negotiating with kings and lords for
   political independence.

124
The Hanseatic League was

1. a commercial enterprise that specialized in
   commodities from the Iberian peninsula.
2. a trade association of up to two hundred towns
   in northern Europe with exclusive trading rights.
   
3. a monopoly established among Italian trading
   cities for trade with the East.
4. an organization of monasteries that used their
   economic privileges to expand trade among their
   territories.

125
How did rulers respond to the growing wealth of
merchants?

1. Rulers sought to tax this wealth to support more
   centralized states.
2. Rulers sought to shore up the position of the
   nobility by banning merchants from political
   activity.
3. Rulers encouraged the nobility to take trade
   over from the merchants.
4. Rulers encouraged the church to condemn merchant
   wealth as immoral.

126
Why did lords of the manor limit the education of
peasants?

1. The cost of educating peasants rarely repaid in
   increased productivity.
2. Uneducated peasants were less likely to rebel.
3. The availability of education was too scarce for
   lords to pursue hiring a teacher.
4. Those with education tended leave the manor and
   obtain work in the church or trades.

127
How did Peter Abelards scholarship differ from
most of his colleagues?

1. Abelard embraced the writings of pre-Christian
   philosophers, believing they still revealed
   Christian truths.
2. Abelard discussed and analyzed theological
   principles rather than merely asserting them.
3. Abelard questioned the inerrancy of scripture in
   his effort to accommodate the Bible to knowledge
   about the workings of nature.
4. Abelard employed Jewish and Islamic scholarship
   in order to interpret Christian doctrine.

128
What themes infused the poems and songs of the
troubadours?

1. Stories of revenge, slaughter, and physical
   power
2. Narratives of saints lives and martyrdom
3. Accounts of the Crusades and Christian virtue
4. Tales of loves, desire, and gallantry

129
What was the central innovation of Gothic
architecture?

1. Barrel-vaulted roofs that allowed in more
   exterior light
2. Basilican-style cathedrals in the shape of a
   cross
3. The construction of burial crypts beneath
   cathedrals
4. Stone ribbedroofs filled with plaster that were
   much lighter in weight

130
How did the urban environment affect the
Dominican and Franciscan orders?

1. They only accepted members who were from a
   merchant family background.
2. They preferred that their members be university
   graduates able to communicate with an urban
   population.
3. They placed considerable effort into managing
   their lands and property to demonstrate to the
   urban merchant class the economic value of their
   spirituality.
4. They ignored the poor in order to gain political
   and economic support from the urban elites.

131
How did the new orders of Dominicans and
Franciscans differ from the Benedictine
tradition?

1. The Dominicans and Franciscans adopted vows
   (silence for Dominicans and self-mortification
   for the Franciscans) that made it difficult for
   them to interact with the broader population.
2. The Dominicans and Franciscans emphasized
   mystical spiritual devotion over scholarly
   theological pursuits.
3. The Dominicans and Franciscans were friars, not
   monks, and sought to engage with ordinary
   Christians rather than secluding themselves.
4. The Dominicans and Franciscans refused to
   participate in the Inquisition for it violated
   their sense of brotherly love.

132
Answer Key for Chapter 11

1. Answer is A.
2. Answer is D.
3. Answer is B.
4. Answer is A.
5. Answer is D.
6. Answer is B.
7. Answer is D.
8. Answer is D.
9. Answer is B.
10. Answer is C.

133
Chapter 12 The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages,
1300-1450
igtClicker Questions
134
Why did storms and poor weather directly affect
local populations in the High Middle Ages?

1. Communities refused to build stockpiled reserves
   of food for fear that the food would waste.
2. Poor weather disrupted the long-distance
   networks that brought grains to warm climates and
   livestock products to colder climates.
3. Storms and poor weather had little affect on
   local populations, as food supplies were drawn
   from a wide network of markets.
4. Most urban areas depended on food within one
   days travel, and transportation of food was
   expensive.

135
In addition to fleas, how else was the plague
typically spread in the fourteenth century?

1. Through sexual contact
2. Through infected and spoiled food
3. From one person to another by coughing and
   sneezing
4. By priests distributing the Eucharist

136
How was the economic position of laborers
affected by the plague?

1. Depression followed the plague, resulting in
   stagnant wages and chronic underemployment.
2. Land was consolidated in the hands of the
   nobility, leaving peasants more subject to their
   lords demands.
3. Trade collapsed, resulting in mass unemployment
   in cities and a return to the countryside for the
   poor.
4. Labor shortages resulted in a high standard of
   living for the broad mass of people.

137
Why did some French nobles side with the English
in the 100 Years War?

1. The English king promised them more lands and
   reduced taxes.
2. They believed Edward III had been illegally
   denied the throne.
3. The English king had demonstrated superior
   military ability, and the nobles wished to side
   with the victorious party.
4. They sought to thwart the efforts of the French
   monarchy to centralize political authority.

138
How did the English Parliament expand its
authority during the course of the 100 Years
War?

1. The King signed legislation requiring that all
   nonfeudal taxes must have approval by Parliament.
   
2. The King recognized the right of Parliament to
   meet every year in order to discuss the business
   of the central government.
3. The Parliament claimed the right to authorize or
   forbid the use of the army outside of England.
4. The Parliament claimed the right to recall a
   king who violated the fundamental laws of the
   realm.

139
How did the Lollards challenge traditional gender
roles?

1. The Lollards permitted women to own land.
2. The Lollards required that men share domestic
   duties with their wives, especially the education
   of children.
3. The Lollards allowed women to preach.
4. The Lollards required women to receive equal
   educations to men.