UNIT VI: Advance Network Technologies Virtualization, Software defined network, ATM (Overview, Protocol Architecture, AAL), GMPLS, Introduction of optical networks, Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber, Client Layers of the Optical Layer

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UNIT VI Advance Network TechnologiesVirtualiza
tion, Software defined network, ATM (Overview,
Protocol Architecture, AAL), GMPLS, Introduction
of optical networks, Propagation of Signals in
Optical Fiber, Client Layers of the Optical Layer

8 Hrs
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Virtualization What Is Virtualization? How does
it works? Background and evolution, Advantages
and disadvantages, Platform Virtualization,
Resources Virtualization, Hypervisor, Massively
virtualized model-cloud. Ref Operating
SystemsA Concept-Based Approach,  D. M.
Dhamdhere, McGraw-Hill, 2008
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What is virtualization?

• Virtualization allows one computer to do the job
  of multiple computers.
• Virtual environments let one computer host
  multiple operating systems at the same time

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How does it work?

• Virtualization transforms hardware into software.
• It is the creation of a fully functional virtual
  computer that can run its own applications and
  operating system.
• Creates virtual elements of the CPU, RAM, and
  hard disk.

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Background and Evolution

• Virtualization arose from a need in the 1960s to
  partition large mainframe hardware.
• Improved in the 1990s to allow mainframes to
  multitask.
• First implemented by IBM more than 30 years ago.

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Virtualization

• It is divided into two main categories
• Platform virtualization involves the simulation
  of virtual machines.
• Resource virtualization involves the simulation
  of combined, fragmented, or simplified resources.

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Platform Virtualization

• the creation of a virtual machine using a
  combination of hardware and software is referred
  to as platform virtualization
• Platform virtualization is performed on a given
  hardware platform by "host" software (a control
  program), which creates a simulated computer
  environment (a virtual machine) for its "guest"
  software.
• The "guest" software, which is often itself a
  complete operating system, runs just as if it
  were installed on a stand-alone hardware
  platform.
• Typically, many such virtual machines are
  simulated on a given physical machine.
• For the "guest" system to function, the
  simulation must be robust enough to support all
  the guest system's external interfaces, which
  (depending on the type of virtualization) may
  include hardware drivers.

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Resource Virtualization

• The basic concept of platform virtualization, was
  later extended to the virtualization of specific
  system resources, such as storage volumes, name
  spaces, and network resources.

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Resource Virtualization

• Resource aggregation, spanning, or concatenation
  combines individual components into larger
  resources or resource pools. For example
• RAID and volume managers combine many disks into
  one large logical disk.
• Storage Virtualization refers to the process of
  completely abstracting logical storage from
  physical storage, and is commonly used in SANs.
  The physical storage resources are aggregated
  into storage pools, from which the logical
  storage is created. Multiple independent storage
  devices, which may be scattered over a network,
  appear to the user as a single,
  location-independent, monolithic storage device,
  which can be managed centrally.
• Channel bonding and network equipment use
  multiple links combined to work as though they
  offered a single, higher-bandwidth link.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN), Network Address
  Translation (NAT), and similar networking
  technologies create a virtualized network
  namespace within or across network subnets.
• Multiprocessor and multi-core computer systems
  often present what appears as a single, fast
  processor.

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Hypervisor

• In computing, a hypervisor (also virtual machine
  monitor) is a virtualization platform that allows
  multiple operating systems to run on a host
  computer at the same time. The term usually
  refers to an implementation using full
  virtualization.

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Hypervisor Types

• Hypervisors are currently classified in two
  types
• Type 1 hypervisor A software that runs directly
  on a given hardware platform (as an operating
  system control program
• Examples VMware's ESX Server, and Sun's
  Hypervisor
• Type 2 hypervisor A software that runs within an
  operating system environment.
• Examples include VMware server and Microsoft
  Virtual Server.

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Virtualization - Why Virtualize?

• Reduce Real Estate Needs
• Increase Up Time
• Reduce CO2 Emissions, Power and Cooling
  Requirements
• Increase Flexibility
• Reduce Overall Costs

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Massively Virtualized Model - Cloud
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Cloud Computing - Services

• Software as a Service - SaaS
• Platform as a Service - PaaS
• Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS

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• Advantages
• Benefits include freedom in choice of operating
  system.
• It saves time and money.
• Consolidates server and infrastructure.
• Makes it easier to manage and secure desktop
  environments.
• Disadvantages
• Only powerful computers can successfully create
  virtual environment.
• Requires training to operate.

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Advance Network Technologies

• Software defined network Traditional Computer
  Networks, Limitations of Current Networks, What
  is SDN? Background, OS for networks, What is
  OpenFlow? How it helps SDN, The current status
  the future of SDN (Case studies)
• Ref http//www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/s
  pr12/cos461/

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Traditional Computer Networks
Data plane Packet streaming
Forward, filter, buffer, mark, rate-limit, and
measure packets
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Traditional Computer Networks
Control plane Distributed algorithms
Track topology changes, compute routes, install
forwarding rules
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Traditional Computer Networks
Management plane Human time scale
Collect measurements and configure the equipment
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Limitations of Current Networks
Switches
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Limitations of Current Networks

• Enterprise networks are difficult to manage
• New control requirements have arisen
• Greater scale
• Migration of VMS
• How to easily configure huge networks?

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Limitations of Current Networks

• Old ways to configure a network

Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
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Limitations of Current Networks

• Many complex functions baked into infrastructure
• OSPF, BGP, multicast, differentiated
  services,Traffic Engineering, NAT, firewalls,

Feature
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Cannot dynamically change according to network
conditions
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Idea An OS for Networks
Closed
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
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Idea An OS for Networks
Control Programs
Network Operating System
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
Operating System
Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware
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Idea An OS for Networks
Control Programs
Network Operating System
Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware
Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware
Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware
Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware
Simple Packet Forwarding Hardware
OpenFlow/SDN tutorial, Srini Seetharaman,
Deutsche Telekom, Silicon Valley Innovation Center
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Idea An OS for Networks
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
Control Programs
Global Network View
Network Operating System
Control via forwarding interface
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Software Defined Networking

• No longer designing distributed control protocols
• Much easier to write, verify, maintain,
• An interface for programming
• NOS serves as fundamental control block
• With a global view of network

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Software Defined Networking

• Examples
• Ethane network-wide access-control
• Power Management

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OpenFlow

• OpenFlow Enabling Innovation in Campus
  Networks
• Like hardware drivers
• interface between switches and Network OS

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OpenFlow
Control Path (Software)
Data Path (Hardware)
OpenFlow/SDN tutorial, Srini Seetharaman,
Deutsche Telekom, Silicon Valley Innovation Center
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OpenFlow
OpenFlow Controller
OpenFlow Protocol (SSL/TCP)
Control Path
OpenFlow
Data Path (Hardware)
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OpenFlow Switching
Controller
PC
OpenFlow Client
Software Layer
OpenFlow Table
Hardware Layer
port 2
port 4
port 3
port 1
1.2.3.4
5.6.7.8
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OpenFlow Table Entry
Rule
Action
Stats
Packet byte counters

1. Forward packet to port(s)
2. Encapsulate and forward to controller
3. Drop packet
4. Send to normal processing pipeline

Switch Port
MAC src
MAC dst
Eth type
VLAN ID
IP Src
IP Dst
IP Prot
TCP sport
TCP dport
mask
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OpenFlow Examples
Switching
001f..









port6
Routing






5.6.7.8



port6
Firewall









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drop
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OpenFlow

• Standard way to control flow-tables in commercial
  switches and routers
• Just need to update firmware
• Essential to the implementation of SDN

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• ATM Overview, Protocol Architecture, AAL,
  GMPLS Why GMPLS?GMPLS and MPLS, Control
  interfaces, Challenges of GMPLS, Proposed
  techniques Suggested label, Bi-direction LSP
  setup, LMP, etc
• Ref 1.ATMWilliam Stallings, Data and Computer
  Communications7thEdition
• 2. GMPLS bnrg.cs.berkeley.edu/randy/Courses/CS29
  4.S02

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WHATS ATM?

• ATM is Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
• ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed,
  low-delay switching and transmission technology
  that uses short and fixed-size packets, called
  cells, to transport information.
• ATM is originally the transfer mode for
  implementing Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) but it is
  also implemented in non-ISDN environments where
  very high data rates are required

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BROADBAND AND B-ISDN

• Broadband
• "A service or system requiring transmission
  channel capable of
• supporting rates greater than the primary rate.
• Broadband-Integrated Service Digital Network
  (B-ISDN)
• A standard for transmitting voice, video and
  data at the same time over fiber optic telephone
  lines
• The goal of B-ISDN is to accommodate all
  existing services along with those that will come
  in the future. The services that BISDN will
  support include
• narrowband services, such as voice, voice band
  data, facsimile, telemetry, videotex, electronic
  mail,
• wideband services such as T1, and
• broadband services such as video conference, high
  speed data, video on demand. BISDN is also to
  support point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and
  multipoint-to-multipoint connectivities.

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ATM OVERVIEW

• Used in both WAN and LAN settings
• Signaling (connection setup) Protocol
• Packets are called cells (53 bytes)
• 5-byte header 48-byte payload
• Commonly transmitted over SONET
• other physical layers possible
• Connections can be switched (SVC), or permanent
  (PVC).
• ATM operates on a best effort basis.
• ATM guarantees that cells will not be disordered.
• Two types of connections
• Point-to-point
• Multipoint (Multicast)
• Four Types of Services
• CBR (Constant Bit Rate)
• VBR (Variable Bit Rate)
• ABR (Available Bit Rate) Flow Control,
  Rate-based, Credit- based
• UBR (Unspecific Bit Rate) No Flow control.

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ATM Characteristics

• No error protection or flow control on a
  link-by-link basis.
• ATM operates in a connection-oriented mode.
• The header functionality is reduced.
• The information field length is relatively small
  and fixed.
• All data types are the same

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Why ATM?

• International standard-based technology (for
  interoperability)
• Low network latency (for voice, video, and
  real-time applications)
• Low variance of delay (for voice and video
  transmission)
• Guaranteed quality of service
• High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per
  second)
• Bandwidth flexibility (dynamically assigned to
  users)

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Why ATM? (cont)

• Scalability (capacity may be increased on demand)
• Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no degradation in
  performance as traffic load or number of users
  increases)
• Supports a wide range of user access speeds
• Appropriate (seamless integration) for LANs,
  MANs, and WANs
• Supports audio, video, imagery, and data traffic
  (for integrated services)

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ATM NETWORKS

• Public ATM Network
• Provided by public telecommunications carriers
  (e.g., ATT, MCI WorldCom, and Sprint)
• Interconnects private ATM networks
• Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs
• Interconnects individual users
• Private ATM Network
• Owned by private organizations
• Interconnects low speed/shared medium LANs (e.g.,
  Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network
• Interconnects individual users as the front-end
  LAN for high performance or multimedia
  applications

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Switches in the middle
End systems of ATM
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File Server
FDDI
Voice
Ethernet
Edge Switch
Video
PBX
Mainframe Computer
FDDI
Ethernet
Private ATM Switch
Edge Switch
Edge Switch
Edge Switch
Mainframe Computer
PBX
Video
Ethernet
Video
Voice
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ATM Interfaces
Private UNI
Public UNI

B-ICI
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How ATM Works?

• ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end
  connection must be established and routing tables
  setup prior to cell transmission
• Once a connection is established, the ATM network
  will provide end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS)
  to the end users
• All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data
  is divided into 53-byte cells and routed in
  sequence across the ATM network
• Routing information is carried in the header of
  each cell
• Routing decisions and switching are performed by
  hardware in ATM switches
• Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image,
  or data at the destination

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User Applications
User Applications
Voice Video Data
Voice Video Data
BISDN Services
BISDN Services
Reassembly
Segmentation
Demultiplexing
Multiplexing
Workstation
Workstation
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B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model
Source Stallings Data and Computer
Communications
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MPLS and GMPLS
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Why MPLS?

• MPLS stands for Multi-Protocol Label Switching
• Goals
• Bring the speed of layer 2 switching to layer 3
• May no longer perceived as the main benefit
  Layer 3 switches
• Resolve the problems of IP over ATM, in
  particular
• Complexity of control and management
• Scalability issues
• Support multiple layer 2 technologies

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Basic Idea

• MPLS is a hybrid model adopted by IETF to
  incorporate best properties in both packet
  routing circuit switching

MPLS
ATM Switch
IP Router
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Basic Idea (Cont.)

• Packets are switched, not routed, based on labels
• Labels are filled in the packet header
• Basic operation
• Ingress LER (Label Edge Router) pushes a label in
  front of the IP header
• LSR (Label Switch Router) does label swapping
• Egress LER removes the label
• The key establish the forwarding table
• Link state routing protocols
• Exchange network topology information for path
  selection
• OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE
• Signaling/Label distribution protocols
• Set up LSPs (Label Switched Path)
• LDP, RSVP-TE, CR-LDP

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MPLS Operation
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Main features

• Label swapping
• Bring the speed of layer 2 switching to layer 3
• Separation of forwarding plane and control plane
• Forwarding hierarchy via Label stacking
• Increase the scalability
• Constraint-based routing
• Traffic Engineering
• Fast reroute
• Facilitate the virtual private networks (VPNs)
• Provide class of service
• Provides an opportunity for mapping DiffServ
  fields onto an MPLS label
• Facilitate the elimination of multiple layers

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GMPLS

• GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol
  Label Switching
• A previous version is Multi-Protocol
  Lambda/Label Switching
• Developed from MPLS
• A suite of protocols that provides common control
  to packet, TDM, and wavelength services.
• Currently, in development by the IETF

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Why GMPLS?

• GMPLS is proposed as the signaling protocol for
  optical networks
• What service providers want?
• Carry a large volume of traffic in a
  cost-effective way
• Turns out to be a challenge within current data
  network architecture
• Problems
• Complexity in management of multiple layers
• Inefficient bandwidth usage
• Not scalable
• Solutions eliminate middle layers? IP/WDM
• Need a protocol to perform functions of middle
  layers

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Why GMPLS? (Cont.)

• Optical Architectures
• A control protocol support both overlay model and
  peer model will bring big flexibility
• The selection of architecture can be based on
  business decision

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Why GMPLS? (Cont.)

• What we need? A common control plane
• Support multiple types of traffic (ATM, IP, SONET
  and etc.)
• Support both peer and overlay models
• Support multi-vendors
• Perform fast provisioning
• Why MPLS is selected?
• Provisioning and traffic engineering capability

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GMPLS and MPLS

• GMPLS is deployed from MPLS
• Apply MPLS control plane techniques to optical
  switches and IP routing algorithms to manage
  lightpaths in an optical network
• GMPLS made some modifications on MPLS
• Separation of signaling and data channel
• Support more types of control interface
• Other enhancement

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Control interfaces

• Extend the MPLS to support more interfaces other
  than packet switch
• Packet Switch Capable (PSC)
• Router/ATM Switch/Frame Reply Switch
• Time Division Multiplexing Capable (TDMC)
• SONET/SDH ADM/Digital Crossconnects
• Lambda Switch Capable (LSC)
• All Optical ADM or Optical Crossconnects (OXC)
• Fiber-Switch Capable (FSC)
• LSPs of different interfaces can be nested inside
  another

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Challenges

• Routing challenges
• Limited number of labels
• Very large number of links
• Link identification will be a big problem
• Scalability of the Link state protocol
• Port connection detection
• Signaling challenges
• Long label setup time
• Bi-directional LSPs setup
• Management challenges
• Failure detection
• Failure protection and restoration

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Link Management Protocol

• Problem
• How to localize the precise location of a fault?
• How to validate the connectivity between adjacent
  nodes?
• Solution link management protocol
• Control Channel Management
• Link Connectivity Verification
• Link Property Correlation
• Fault Management
• Authentication

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GMPLS Summary

• Provides a new way of managing network resources
  and provisioning
• Provide a common control plane for multiple
  layers and multi-vendors
• Fast and automatic service provisioning
• Greater service intelligence and efficiency

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• Introduction to Optical Networks
• Telecommunications Network Architecture
• Services, Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
  
• Optical Networks
• The Optical Layer
• Transparency and All-Optical Networks
• Optical Packet Switching
• Transmission Basics
• Network Evolution
• Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber
• Loss and Bandwidth Windows
• Intermodal Dispersion
• Optical Fiber as a Waveguide
• Chromatic Dispersion
• Nonlinear Effects

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• Client Layers of the Optical Layer
• SONET/SDH
• Optical Transport Network
• Generic Framing Procedure
• Ethernet
• IP
• Multiprotocol Label Switching
• Resilient Packet Ring
• Storage Area Networks
• Ref Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar Shivarajan,
  GlanShasaki, Optical Networks a Practical
  Perspective, Elsevier-Morgan Kaufmann ISBN
  978-0-12-374092-2 pdf

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• Thanks