The Rise of Islam

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The Rise of Islam
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The Rise of Islam

• How does Islam compare and contrast with the
  other religions introduced?
• How does Islamic civilization compare and
  contrast with the others in the course?

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Islam

• The Arabian Peninsula
• Desert
• Home of the Arabs
• No centralized authority
• Pastoral nomads
• Loyal to tribes

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Islam

• Religion in Arabia before Islam
• Polytheistic
• Jinn
• Monotheism

Al-Uzza, Al-Lat, Manat
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Islam
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Islam

• Mecca
• Commercial center
• Kaba then a pagan shrine
• Controlled by Quraysh

Kaba
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Islam

• Muhammad (570-632)
• Involved in Meccan caravan trade
• Pious
• Night of Power (ca. 610) ? Prophet of Islam

Muhammad visited by Gabriel
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Islam

• Muslim Era Begins
• Gained some converts
• Overall response negative ? danger!
• Prophet invited to Medina
• The Hijra (622) Muhammad, ummah emigrated

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Islam

• In Medina
• Muhammad became statesman
• City converted
• Unbelieving Jews expelled
• Raids on Meccan caravans launched

Muhammad addressing believers in Medina
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Islam

• The Return to Mecca (630)
• Muslims marched on Mecca
• City surrendered
• Muhammad cleansed Kaba

March on Mecca
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Islam

• Questions?

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Islam

• The Quran
• Muhammads revelations
• Significant teachings
• Absolute monotheism
• Jesus apostle
• People of the Book
• Judgment ? Paradise, Hell

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Islam

• The Five Pillars
• Shahadah
• There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His
  Prophet
• Salat (prayer)
• Ramadan
• Zakat (alms levy)
• Hajj (pilgrimage)

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Islam

• Talbiyah
• Labbayk, Allahumma Labbayk. Labbayk.La shareeka
  laka. Labbayk. Innal-hamda wan-n'imata laka
  wal-mulk. La shareeka lak.
• "Here I am at Thy service O Lord, here I am. Here
  I am at Thy service and Thou hast no partners.
  Thine alone is All Praise and All Bounty, and
  Thine alone is The Sovereignty. Thou hast no
  partners."

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Islam
Hajj ritual of stoning Satan, at Mina
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Islam

• Questions?

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Islam
Islamic Conquests (622-733)
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Islam

• The Caliphate
• Muhammad died 632
• CALIPHS
• Prophets successors
• First were early converts, from his inner circle
  (Rashidun)
• Office political, religious

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Islam
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Islam

• Division within the Ummah
• The fate of Ali (r. 656-661)
• Muhammads cousin, husband of Fatima
• Dedicated Muslim
• Muhammad intended him to be successor?
• Civil war between Ali and Muawiyah ? Alis
  assassination
• Aftermath Sunni vs. Shiah

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Islam
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Islam

• Ruling the Caliphate Shariah
• Sacred law of ummah
• Purpose regulate all activities
• Sources Quran, Sunnah, community consensus
• Qadis shariah judges

Individuals before a qadi
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Islam

• Ruling the Empire Status of Non-Muslims
• Dhimmis followers of religions tolerated by law
  not forced to convert
• Monotheist leaders relied on to manage their
  communities affairs
• Faced discrimination (jizyah, etc.)

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Islam

• Questions?

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Islam

• The Great Civilization
• Sophisticated, advanced
• Access to classical learning
• Books, libraries
• Contributed to science and math

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Islam
Quran page with beginning of surah 18 (9th, early
10th cent.)
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Islam

• Dome of the Rock (687-692)
• Tribute to Islams triumph in Jerusalem
• Erected on sacred site
• Domed octagon

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Islam
Dome of the Rock, interior
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Islam

• The Minaret
• Towers for muzzein
• Malwiya minaret (848-852)
• At Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
• Spiral ramp

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Islam

• Questions?

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The Rise of Islam

• How does Islam compare and contrast with the
  other religions introduced?
• How does Islamic civilization compare and
  contrast with the others in the course?