Reconstruction%20(1865-1876)

1
Reconstruction (1865-1876)
2
Key Questions
1. How do webring the Southback into the
Union?
4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe
process ofReconstruction?
2. How do we rebuild the South after
itsdestruction during the war?
3. How do weintegrate andprotect
newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?
3
R E C O N S T R U C T I O N

• Human toll of the Civil War The North lost
  364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000
  soldiers.
• Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government
  carried out a program to repair the damage to the
  South and restore the southern states to the
  Union. This program was known as Reconstruction.
• Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their
  new lives in a poor region with slow economic
  activity.
• Plantation owners lost slave labor worth 3
  billion.
• Poor white Southerners could not find work
  because of new job competition from Freedmen.
• The war had destroyed two thirds of the Souths
  shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of
  railroad.

4
South after war 1
5
LINCOLN'S 2ND INAUGURAL SPEECH
Lincolns speech
With malice toward none with charity for all
with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
see the right, let us strive on to finish the
work we
are in to bind up the nations wounds.to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and a
lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all
nations.
6
Wartime Reconstruction
7
President Lincolns Plan

• 10 Plan
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
  (December 8, 1863)
• Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the
  South.
• He didnt consult Congress regarding
  Reconstruction.
• Pardon to all but the highest ranking military
  and civilian Confederate officers.
• When 10 of the voting population in the 1860
  election had taken an oath of loyalty and
  established a government, it would be recognized.

8
President Lincolns Plan

• 1864 ? Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR
• loyal assemblies
• They were weak and dependent on the Northern
  army for their survival.

9
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Required 50 of the number of 1860 voters to take
  an iron clad oath of allegiance (swearing they
  had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
• Required a state constitutional convention before
  the election of state officials.
• Enacted specific safeguards of freedmens
  liberties.

SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)
10
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Iron-Clad Oath.
• State Suicide Theory MA Senator Charles
  Sumner
• Conquered Provinces PositionPA Congressman
  Thaddeus Stevens

PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
11
Jeff Davis Under Arrest
12
13th Amendment

• Ratified in December, 1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
  as punishment for crime whereof the party shall
  have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.

13
Freedmens Bureau (1865)

• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
  Lands.
• Many former northern abolitionists risked their
  lives to help southern freedmen.
• Called carpetbaggers by white southern
  Democrats.

14
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU

• 1865, Congress created the Freedmans Bureau to
  help former slaves get a new start in life. This
  was the first major relief agency in United
  States history.
• Bureaus Accomplishments
• Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks.
• Former slaves rushed to get an education for
  themselves and their children.
• Education was difficult and dangerous to gain.
• Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go
  to school.

15
Freedmens Bureau 2
16
Freedmens Bureau School
17
Freedmens Bureau 4
18
Freedmens Bureau 5
19
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in
the South
20
Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
21
Presidential Reconstruction
22
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON

• Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War.
• Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the
  Souths Reconstruction.
• Supported Lincolns Plan
• Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over
  who would lead the country through
  Reconstruction.
• Would be impeached but not removed from office.

23
President Andrew Johnson

• Jacksonian Democrat.
• Anti-Aristocrat.
• White Supremacist.
• Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally
  left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
24
President Johnsons Plan (10)

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and
  those with property over 20,000 (they could
  apply directly to Johnson)
• In new constitutions, they must accept
  minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession
  and state debts.
• Named provisional governors in Confederate states
  and called them to oversee elections for
  constitutional conventions.

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state
organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
25
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION

• Johnsons plan to readmit the South was
  considered too gentle.
• Amnesty Presidential pardon
• Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
• 10 of the population
• Even high ranking Confederate officials
• Write new state Constitutions
• approve the 13th Amendment
• reject secession and states rights
• submit to U.S. Government authority
• No mention of
• Education for freedmen
• Citizenship and voting rights

Presidential Reconstruction
26
(No Transcript)
27
Growing Northern Alarm!

• Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
  minimum requirements.

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

• Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES
28
Slavery is Dead?
29
Black Codes

• Purpose
• Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks
  were emancipated.
• Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
  relations.
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
  tenant farmers.

30
BLACK CODES

• Similar to Slave Codes.
• Restricted the freedom of movement.
• Limited their rights as free people.

31
BLACK CODES

• As southern states were restored to the Union
  under President Johnsons plan, they began to
  enact black codes, laws that restricted
  freedmens rights.
• The black codes established virtual slavery with
  provisions such as these
• Curfews Generally, black people could not gather
  after sunset.
• Vagrancy laws Freedmen convicted of vagrancy
  that is, not working could be fined, whipped, or
  sold for a years labor.
• Labor contracts Freedmen had to sign agreements
  in January for a year of work. Those who quit in
  the middle of a contract often lost all the wages
  they had earned.
• Land restrictions Freed people could rent land
  or homes only in rural areas. This restriction
  forced them to live on plantations.

32
Congress Breaks with the President

• Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.
• Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
• February, 1866 ? Presidentvetoed the
  FreedmensBureau bill.
• March, 1866 ? Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil
  Rights Act.
• Congress passed both bills over Johnsons vetoes
  ? 1st in U. S. history!!

33
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
34
Plans compared
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction Act of 1867--76 (Harsh)

• Amnesty Presidential pardon
• oath of allegiance---50
• high ranking Confederate officials
• loose voting rights if you dont sign oath
• Write new state Constitutions
• Ratify 13, 14 15 Amendments
• reject secession and states rights
• submit to U.S. Government authority
• Help for Freedmen
• Freedmens Bureau for education
• 40 acres and a mule
• Divide the South into 5 military districts

35
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Charles Summner
Thaddeus Stevens

• Wanted to the see the South punished.
• Advocated political, social and economic equality
  for the Freedmen.
• Would go after President Johnson through the
  impeachment process after he vetoes the Civil
  Rights Act of 1866.

36
14th Amendment

• Ratified in July, 1868.
• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights
  and security of freed people.
• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that
  of the Confederacy.
• Southern states would be punished for denying the
  right to vote to black citizens!

37
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 Strip a
proud nobility of their bloated estates, send
them forth to labor and you will thus humble the
proud traitors. Thaddeus Steven, in Congress,
1867 I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel
state. If it be just, it should not be denied
if it be necessary, it should be adopted if it
be a punishment of traitors, they deserve it.
38
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
39
The 1866 Bi-Election

• A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
• Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour
  around the country to push his plan.
• Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses
  and gained control of every northern state.

40
Radical Plan for Readmission

• Civil authorities in the territories were subject
  to military supervision.
• Required new state constitutions, including black
  suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th
  Amendments.
• In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that
  authorized the military to enroll eligible black
  voters and begin the process of constitution
  making.

41
Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
  that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
• Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5
  military districts.

42
Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Command of the Army Act
• The President must issue all Reconstruction
  orders through the commander of the military.
• Tenure of Office Act
• The President could not remove any officials
  esp. Cabinet members without the Senates
  consent, if the position originally required
  Senate approval.
• Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincolns
  government.
• A question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton
43

• President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of
  1866
• Gave to Freedmens Bureau for schools and
  granted citizenship to the Freedmen
• Congress believed Johnson was working against
  Reconstruction and overrode his veto.
• Pres. Johnson impeached
• Led to the 14th Amendment

An inflexible President, 1866 Republican
cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the
Freedmens Bureau by his veto.
44
President Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
• Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
  more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
• The House impeached him on February 24
  before even
  
  drawing up the
  charges by a
  vote of 126 47!

45
IMPEACHMENT PROCESS
Impeachment Bringing charges against the
President. Two steps involved 1st Step U. S.
House of Representatives hold hearings to decide
if there are crimes committed. They then vote on
the charges and if there is a majority, then,
charges are brought against the President. 2nd
Step U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The
President is tried for the charges brought
against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court is the judge. Once trial is completed,
Senators must vote to remove President with a
2/3s vote.
46
The Senate Trial

• 11 week trial.
• Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of
  required 2/3s vote).

47
The Grant Administration (1868-1876)
48
The 1868 Republican Ticket
49
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
50
Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican Southern Strategy
51
1868 Presidential Election
52
President Ulysses S. Grant
53
Grant Administration Scandals

• Grant presided over an era of unprecedented
  growth and corruption.

• Credit Mobilier Scandal.
• Whiskey Ring.
• The Indian Ring.

54
The Tweed Ring in NYC
William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany
Halls political machine) Thomas Nast ?
crusading cartoonist/reporter
55
Who Stole the Peoples Money?
56
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
57
The Election of 1872

• Rumors of corruption during Grants first term
  discredit Republicans.
• Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublic
  an candidate.
• Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.
• Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

58
1872 Presidential Election
59
Popular Vote for President 1872
60
The Panic of 1873

• It raises the moneyquestion.
• debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy
  bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.
• creditors, intellectuals support hard money.
• 1875 ? Specie Redemption Act.

• 1876 ? Greenback Party formed makes gains in
  congressional races ? The Crime of
  73!

61
Legal Challenges

• The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
• Bradwell v. IL (1873)
• U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876)
• U. S. v. Reese (1876)

62
(No Transcript)
63
Black "Adjustment" in the South
64
The Taste of Freedom

• Freedom of movement Enslaved people often walked
  away from plantations upon hearing that the Union
  army was near.
• Exodusters moved to Kansas and Texas
• Freedom to own land Proposals to give
  white-owned land to freed people got little
  support from the government. Unofficial land
  redistribution did take place, however.
• Freedom to worship African Americans formed
  their own churches and started mutual aid
  societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and
  trade associations.
• Freedom to learn Between 1865 and 1870, black
  educators founded 30 African American colleges.

65
Sharecropping
66
SHARECROPPING

• Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who
  stayed in the South and continued to farm.
• Freedmen signed a work contract with their former
  masters .
• Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had.
  
• Freedmen did not receive 40 acres and a mule

67
SHARECROPPING

• Sharecropping is primarily used in farming
• Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house
  and charge account at the local store to purchase
  necessities
• Freedmen provided the labor.
• Sharecropping is based on the credit system.

68
Sharecroppers
69
Sharecroppers
SHARECROPPING

• Advantages
• Part of a business venture
• Raised their social status
• Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested
• Raised their self esteem

• Disadvantages
• Blacks stay in South
• Some landowners refused to honor the contract
• Blacks poor and in debt
• Economic slavery

70
A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no
homes, and no money to buy land.
6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as
he is in debt to the landlord.
2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to
pay laborers.
ECONOMIC SLAVERY

• 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers
• Sign contracts to work landlords land in
  exchange for a part of the crop.

• 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid.
• Pays off debts.
• If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or
  store than his share of the crop is worth

4. Landlord keeps track of the money that
sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local
store.
71
Tenancy the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60 interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien mortgage on part of tenants future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmers future crop.
72
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS

• 13th AmendmentAbolished slavery(1865)
• 14th Amendment Provided citizenship equal
  protection under the law. (1868)
• 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all
  men which included white and black men. (1870)

Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly
revolutionary..A victory for democracy!
73
Black White Political Participation
74
Black Senate House Delegates
75

• First Black Senators and representatives in the
  42st and 42nd Congress.
• Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in
  1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson
  Davis.

76
Colored Rulein the South?
77
Blacks in Southern Politics

• Core voters were black veterans.
• Blacks were politically unprepared.
• Blacks could register and vote in states since
  1867.

• The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal
  voting.

78
15th Amendment

• Ratified in 1870.
• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any state on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.
• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
  article by appropriate legislation.
• Womens rights groups were furious that they were
  not granted the vote!

79
The Invisible Empire of the South
80
K K K

• Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an
  inner circle
• Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by
  Nathan Bedford Forrest.
• Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate
  soldiers
• Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.
• Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and
  Freedmen.

KKK
81
kkk
K K K
SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
ALL HATED BY THE KKK Carpetbaggers
Northerners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct
the South. Scalawags
Southerners who helped
Carpetbaggers Freedmen
Blacks who tried to vote or
were involved in the reconstruction of their
states governments.
82
THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH

• During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican
  Party was a mixture of people who had little in
  common except a desire to prosper in the postwar
  South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and
  two other groups carpetbaggers and scalawags.
• Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar
  South became known as carpetbaggers.
• Southerners gave them this insulting nickname,
  which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made
  from carpet scraps.
• Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men
  seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

83
THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH

• White southern Republicans were seen as traitors
  and called scalawags.
• This was originally a Scottish word meaning
  scrawny cattle.
• Refers to one who is a scoundrel, reprobate or
  unprincipled person.
• Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed
  secession.
• Some were small farmers who resented the planter
  class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

84
kkk
SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
85
The Failure of Federal Enforcement

• Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 also known as
  the KKK Act.

• The Lost Cause.
• The rise of theBourbons.
• Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

86
The Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Crime for any individual to deny full equal use
  of public conveyances andpublic places.
• Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
• Shortcoming ? lacked a strong
  enforcement mechanism.
• No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90
  years!

87
The Abandonment of Reconstruction
88
Northern Support Wanes

• Grantism corruption.
• Panic of 1873 6-yeardepression.
• Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.
• Key monetary issues
• should the government retire 432m worth of
  greenbacks issued during the Civil War.
• should war bonds be paid back in specie
  orgreenbacks.

89
1876 Presidential Tickets
90
Regional Balance?
91
1876 Presidential Election
92
The Political Crisis of 1877

• Corrupt BargainPart II?

93
Hayes Prevails
94
Alas, the Woes of Childhood
Sammy TildenBoo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayess got my
Presidency, and he wont give it to me!
95
A Political Crisis The Compromise of 1877
96
CORRUPT BARGAIN
vs
Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

• The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877
  are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.
• The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to
  recognize Hayes as President
• In return, President Hayes must end
  Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of
  the South.
• Once this happens, there is no protection for the
  Freedmen and the South will regain their states
  and go back to the way it was.

97

• Agreement between Democrats and Republicans
• Hayes pulls the troops out of the South.
• Southerners take over their state governments
  called REDEEMERS
• Successes Freedmen would be lost because
  Southerners would take over their state
  governments.
• Jim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and
  becoming equal citizens.

Cartoon of Hayes end of Reconst
98
social reality
JIM CROW

• The systematic practice of discriminating against
  and segregating Black people, especially as
  practiced in the American South from the end of
  Reconstruction to the mid-20th century
• Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately
  from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.
• Goal Take away political and constitutional
  rights guaranteed by Constitution Voting and
  equality of all citizens under the law.

99
social reality
SEGREGATION

• After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were
  several ways that Southern states kept Blacks
  from voting and segregated, or separating people
  by the color of their skin in public facilities.
• Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level
  which segregated whites from blacks and kept
  African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from
  voting.
• poll taxes
• literacy tests
• grandfather clause

100
social reality
Jim Crow Laws
Poll Taxes Before you could vote, you had to
pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not
pay the tax so they didnt vote. Literacy Test
You had to prove you could read and write before
you could vote. Once again, most poor Blacks
were not literate. Grandfather clause If your
grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you
could vote..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so
you couldnt vote.
101
Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the
South, 1889-1950s
102
JC laws