From%20Cell%20to%20Organism:%20Focus%20on%20Plants

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From Cell to Organism Focus on Plants

• How do multicelled organisms (i.e. plants) use
  specialized cells to accomplish the same
  functions as a single cell, but on a larger
  scale?
• How do transport systems move matter in,
  throughout, and out of plants?
• What are the mechanisms that enable plants to
  respond to their environment?

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Part 1
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Specialized and Organized

• Why do larger organisms have to be multicelled?

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As cell size increases the SA/vol ratio
decreases. It takes too long for materials to
diffuse in and out of large cells.
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Organization MUST accompany cell specialization

• O organelles
• C cells
• T tissue
• O organ
• S system

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Multicellular vs Unicellular

• What are the advantages to having a large
  structure with lots of cells?
• Division of Labour
• When a cell is specialized (performs a particular
  function), it is more effective and efficient.
• A single-celled organism must multi-task (do many
  jobs).

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Multicellular vs Unicellular

• Size
• The surface area to volume ratio and related rate
  of diffusion restricts growth in unicellular
  organisms.
• Efficient transport systems within multicellular
  organisms allow for growth.

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Multicellular vs Unicellular

• Interdependence of Cells
• A single-celled organism is dependent on that one
  cell.
• If a multicellular organism loses a cell, the
  entire organism will not die. However, a cell not
  functioning properly (ex. cancerous) can cause
  problems for the rest of the organism.

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As organisms grow larger they must become
multicellular. Different cells become
SPECIALIZED to perform specific tasks The
organism must be ORGANIZED OCTOS (organelle,
cell, tissue, organ , system)
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Plant Structure

• Plants are multicellular made of many parts,
  each with its own function organized in
  increasing complex levels of organization
• Tissues group of cells performing same function
  together
• Organs tissues contributing to same function
• System group of interconnected organs (two in
  plants)
• Shoot system ? everything above ground
• Root system ? everything below ground and aerial
  roots

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What about animals?

• What are some examples of tissues, organs and
  systems in humans?
• Ex. Heart/cardiac tissue ? heart ? circulatory
  system

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Specialization of Cells

• Once cells are no longer in the meristem, they
  will specialize
• Produce products only for their function
• The root and shoot systems are made up of 3 types
  of tissues
• Dermal Tissue (epidermis)
• Ground Tissue
• Vascular Tissue

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Types of Tissue

• Dermal Tissue
• Outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous
  (non-woody) plants.
• Responsible for exchange of matter and gases into
  and out of the plant.
• Also protects the plant from disease. This is
  done by the cuticle (waxy substance), which
  resists attacks from micro-organisms and helps
  reduce water loss.

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Types of Tissue

• Ground Tissue
• Found underneath epidermis, it makes up majority
  of plant.
• Provides strength and support to the plant
  (stem).
• Involved in food and water storage (roots).
• Location of photosynthesis (leaves).

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Types of Tissue

• Vascular Tissue
• Responsible for transport of material, which
  occurs in xylem tissue and phloem tissue

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Vascular tissue
From http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4V0VcNCRKTof
eaturerelated at 414
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Vascular Bundles
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Vascular Bundles