Aim:%20How%20did%20the%20American%20government%20help%20to%20make%20big%20business%20grow?

1
Aim How did the American government help to make
big business grow?

• Do Now
• Read pages 440-443.
• Answer the questions on the note sheet.
• Turn in your HW.
• Look at the HW board for your assignment.

2
Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, you, one red-blooded
  American student, will be able to
• List the ways in which political leaders
  responded to the problems of the late 1800s.

3
Lets Discuss

• Yesterday, we discussed the major industrial
  figures in American big business in the late
  1800s.
• Today, we are going to play a game called
• Who Am I?

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Who am I? Question 1

• I was a Scottish immigrant who made a lot of
  money in the steel industry. Unlike my fellow
  robber barons, I donated my money into forming a
  university that bears my name in Pennsylvania and
  I currently have an entertainment center in NYC
  named in my honor.
• Who am I?

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Who Am I? Question 2

• I made my money in transportation. I started out
  in NY by owning the small railroad and shipping
  lines within the city, then I consolidated my
  companies to form the biggest rail company on the
  east coast. I have a street named in my honor in
  Staten Island while there is a university named
  in my honor in Tennessee. Who am I?

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Who Am I? Question 3

• I established Standard Oil in Cleveland, Ohio
  back in the 1870s. By 1900, I had owned over 90
  of the oil refineries in the United States. I
  used my money to build a center in New York,
  establish the University of Chicago and my
  influence is the reason why Jay-Z owns a record
  company which is named for me. (Although their
  spelling is incorrect.) Who am I?

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Questions

• What did the alliance of big business and
  government lead to?
• What had backed paper money since the beginning
  of the United States?
• What does it mean when the United States went on
  the gold standard?
• What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Bill?
• Who were the Half-Breeds? the Stalwarts?
• Who did the Republicans nominate for
  President in 1880?
• If he was nominated and elected, Ulysses
  Grant would have been elected for a third
  term. Why would this occur without a problem?
• What did the Hatch Act provide?
• What happened to interfere with Clevelands
  popularity?

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• Reasons for the alliance between big business and
  government are due to five reasons.

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1. A Two-Party Stalemate
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Two-Party Balance
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2. Intense Voter Loyalty to theTwo
MajorPolitical Parties
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3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs
Democratic Bloc
RepublicanBloc
DemocraticBloc

• Northern whites(pro-business)
• African Americans
• Northern Protestants
• Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)
• Most of the middleclass

• White southerners(preservation ofwhite
  supremacy)
• Catholics
• Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)
• Urban working poor (pro-labor)
• Most farmers

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4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.

• From 1870-1900 ? Govt. did verylittle
  domestically.
• Main duties of the federal govt.
• Deliver the mail.
• Maintain a national military.
• Collect taxes tariffs.
• Conduct a foreign policy.
• Exception ? administer the annual Civil War
  veterans pension.

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5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office

• Party bosses ruled.
• Presidents should avoid offending anyfactions
  within theirown party.
• The President justdoled out federal jobs.
• 1865 ? 53,000 people worked for the federal
  govt.
• 1890 ? 166,000
  

Senator Roscoe Conkling
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3. Business and Government

• During the late 1800s, big business received
  support from the United States Government.
• What did the alliance of big business and
  government lead to?
• Many people thought that society and government
  were not what they appeared to be on the surface.
• The American writer, Mark Twain, called the late
  1800s, the Gilded Age. He pointed out that
  underneath the surface was corruption.
• Attempts were made at reforming the system.

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3.1 Presidents During the Gilded Age

• The Presidents of the late 1800s, were not active
  leaders.
• One reason was due to the delicate balance
  between the Republicans and the Democrats.
• Although the Republicans were in control of the
  presidency, they did not have enough power to
  control things completely

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• Rutherford Hayes (1877-1881)
• a) Became president in disputed Election of
  1876.
• b) Turned his efforts to civil service reform.
  Passed laws which gave jobs based on merit and
  were designed to prevent corrupt officials in
  government.
• c) Had to address issues regarding currency
  reform.
• 1. Paper money used to be backed by gold and
  silver.
• 2. Silver coins dropped out of use, so the
  United States went on the gold standard.
• 3. Hayes soon passes the Resumption Act, which
  was designed to reduce the number of greenbacks
  in circulation and they would be redeemed for
  gold.
• 4. During Hayes administration, large deposits
  of silver were found in the western United
  States. Congressmen from these states believed
  that silver could be used to back money because
  it was cheaper than gold in price
• 5. Congress passes the Bland-Allison Act which
  is vetoed by Hayes. However, the Congress
  overrides the veto.

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• What had backed paper money since the beginning
  of the United States?
• What does it mean when the United States went on
  the gold standard?
• What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Bill?

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Election of 1876 Rutherford Hayes
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Rutherford Hayes (1877-1881)
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• The Election of 1880
• The Republicans were deeply divided on who should
  run for President in 1880.
• Hayes refused a second term. The Republicans were
  divided amongst the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds.
• Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine become the
  leading candidates, however, the Republicans turn
  to James Garfield and Chester Arthur for the
  nomination.
• The Democrats turn to Winfield Scott and run on a
  platform of civil service reform and a lower
  tariff.
• The Election of 1880 was close. Garfield received
  214 electoral votes, Scott received 155.

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• 4) Who were the Half-Breeds? the Stalwarts?
• 5) Who did the Republicans nominate for President
  in 1880?
• 6) If he was nominated and elected, Ulysses Grant
  would have been elected for a third term. Why
  would this occur without a problem?

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1880 Presidential Election Republicans
Half Breeds
Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe
Conkling (Maine)
(New York)
compromise
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
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Stalwart-Thomas Platt
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Stalwart-Roscoe Conkling
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1880 Presidential Election Democrats
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Election of 1880
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James Garfield (1881)
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1881 Garfield Assassinated!
Charles GuiteauI Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is
President now!
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Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
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• James Garfield and Chester Arthur
• 1-They are elected in 1880.
• 2-When they are inaugurated in 1881, they
  appointed Half-Breeds to many of the best jobs in
  the government.
• 3-This annoys the Stalwarts. As a result, the
  Stalwarts attacked him.
• 4-Four months into his first term, Garfield is
  shot and killed by a disappointed office seeker
  named Charles Guiteau.
• 5-Chester Arthur replaced James Garfield. As
  president, he refused to let the Stalwarts take
  the spoils of office. Arthur passed the Pendleton
  Act, which now made it mandatory for all
  government workers to take examinations for their
  jobs.

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Pendleton Act (1883)

• Civil Service Act.
• The Magna Carta of civil service reform.
• 1883 ? 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs
  became civilservice exam positions.
• 1900 ? 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service
  federal govt. jobs.

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3.2 The Return of the Democrats

• In the Election of 1884, the Republican Party
  again was divided.
• The policies of Chester Arthur found favor with
  most Americans. However, these actions do not
  impress the Republicans. The Stalwarts chose
  James Blaine as their candidate even though he
  was corrupt.
• The problem was that the reformers of the
  Republican Party called muguwumps, refused to
  support him. They supported the Democratic
  candidate Grover Cleveland, who is the first
  Democratic President elected since James Buchanan.

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Republican Mugwumps

• Reformers who wouldnt re-nominateChester A.
  Arthur.
• Reform to them ? create a disinterested,
  impartial govt. run by an educated elite like
  themselves.
• Social Darwinists.
• Laissez faire government to them
• Favoritism the spoils system seen as govt.
  intervention in society.
• Their target was political corruption, not
  social or economic reform!

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TheMugwumps
Men may come and men may go, but the work of
reform shall go on forever.

• Will support Cleveland in the1884 election.

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Henry Adams-Muguwump
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1884 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland James Blaine
(DEM) (REP)
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A Dirty Campaign
Ma, Mawheres my pa?Hes going to the White
House, ha ha ha!
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Little Lost Mugwump
Blaine in 1884
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Election of 1884
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Grover Cleveland (1885-1889/1893-1897)
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Clevelands First Term

• The Veto Governor from New York.
• First Democratic elected since 1856.
• A public office is a public trust!
• His laissez-faire presidency
• Opposed bills to assist the poor aswell as the
  rich.
• Vetoed over 200 special pension billsfor Civil
  War veterans!

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• Grover Cleveland (1885-18891893-1897)
• He is the 22nd and 24th president.
• When he became President, Cleveland made changes.
• a. He added more jobs to the Pendleton Act.
• b. He reduced federal spending.
• c. He put 80,000,000 acres of land back under
  government control.
• d. He tried to get the tariff lowered.
• e. In 1887, he passed the Interstate Commerce
  Act, which established railroad regulations.
• f. He passed the Hatch Act
• 7) What did the Hatch Act provide?

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• Clevelands policies drew criticism from both
  Democrats and Republicans.
• 1. Republicans believed he was limiting the
  power of the free enterprise system.
• 2. Democrats believed he was passing too many
  reforms, while others believed he was not passing
  enough reforms.
• Cleveland was nominated in 1888, but he lost in
  the general election to Benjamin Harrison.
• Cleveland would win re-election in 1892.

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3.3 The Political Pendulum

• When Harrison defeated Cleveland in 1888, the
  political pendulum swung back to the Republicans.
• The Republicans ended many of Clevelands
  policies.
• Republicans gave political supporters jobs.
• The Republicans voted for pensions for Civil War
  veterans which Cleveland did not want.
• The Republicans pass the McKinley Tariff which
  raised the tariff to an all-time level high.
• Voters were angered by the Republicans and
  re-elected Cleveland.
• Voters also gave the Congress back to the
  Democrats.

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1888 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison
(DEM) (REP)
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Coming Out for Harrison
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The Election of 1888
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Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
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Election of 1892
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• Cleveland did not have much time to enjoy his
  victory and the Democrats did not have any time
  to enjoy their popularity.
• 8) What happened to interfere with Clevelands
  popularity?

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Cleveland Loses Support Fast!

• The only President to serve two non-consecutive
  terms.
• Blamed for the 1893 Panic.
• Defended the gold standard.
• Used federal troops in the 1894Pullman strike.
• Refused to sign the Wilson-GormanTariff of 1894.
• Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

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Panic of 1893
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What Do You Know?

• The Gilded Age refers to a time period when all
  of the following were true EXCEPT
• America experienced a period of great economic
  growth.
• Population grew in big cities with people in
  search of work and as immigrants entered the
  country.
• The income gap between the rich and poor greatly
  increased.
• All serious problems in business were resolved.

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• Although presidential elections were widely
  popular, presidents during the later half of the
  19th Century were seen as
• Weak, as Congress took the lead in establishing
  policy.
• Pro-business, favoring a limited role for
  government in regulating business.
• Mainly Republican, but often working with a
  Democratic Congress.
• All of the above are correct.

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• Right after winning the presidential election in
  1892, President Cleveland
• Reached out for support from his opponents.
• Switched political parties.
• Was faced with a severe economic depression which
  affected his administration.
• Pursued an agenda of compromise with the
  Republicans.

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• After the Panic of 1893 began
• Numerous businesses failed in all American
  industries.
• Unemployment increased.
• Several railroads were forced into bankruptcy.
• A, B and C