Warm Up 9/26

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Warm Up 9/26

• Which subatomic particles are most involved in
  chemical bonding?
• a. Isotopes c. Protons
• b. Neutrons d. Electrons
• If the atomic number of an element is 6 and its
  mass number is 14, how many neutrons are
  contained in the nucleus?
• a. 20 c. 8
• b. 6 d. 14
• The most abundant element in Earths crust (by
  weight) is _______________.
• a. Iron c. Oxygen
• b. Calcium d. Silicon
• Answers 1) d. 2) c. 3) c.

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Minerals

• Chapter 2, Section 2

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Minerals

• Mineral naturally occurring, inorganic solid
  with an orderly crystalline structure and a
  definite chemical composition
• Minerals must have the following characteristics
• Naturally Occurring
• Solid Substance
• Orderly Crystalline Structure
• Definite Chemical Composition
• Generally Considered Inorganic

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Minerals
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How Minerals Form

• There are four major processes by which minerals
  form crystallization from magma, precipitation,
  changes in pressure and temperature, and
  formation from hydrothermal solutions.

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Crystallization from Magma

• As magma cools, elements combine to form minerals.

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Precipitation

• As water evaporates, some of the dissolved
  substances can react to form minerals.
• Changes in water temperature may also cause
  dissolved substances to precipitate out of a body
  of water.

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Pressure and Temperature

• Crystals form when existing minerals are
  subjected to changes in pressure and temperature.

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Hydrothermal Solutions

• A very hot mixture of water and dissolved
  substances.
• Come into contact with existing minerals and the
  chemical reactions between them form new minerals

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Concept Check

• Describe what happens when a mineral is subjected
  to changes in pressure or temperature.
• The mineral often becomes unstable, and its atoms
  react to form a new mineral

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Mineral Groups

• Common minerals, together with the thousands of
  others that form on Earth, can be classified into
  groups based on their composition
• Silicates Silicon and oxygen combine to form a
  structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
• Carbonates Minerals that contain the elements
  carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic
  elements
• Oxides Minerals that contain oxygen and one or
  more other elements, which are usually metals
• Sulfates and Sulfides Minerals that contain the
  element sulfur
• Halides Minerals that contain a halogen ion
  plus one or more other elements
• Native Elements Group of minerals that exist in
  relatively pure form

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Silicates
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Common Silicate Minerals
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Carbonates
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Oxides
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Sulfates and Sulfides
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Halides
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Native Elements
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Concept Check

• What is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, and in
  how many ways can it combine?
• The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron consists of one
  silicon atom and four oxygen atoms and provides
  the framework of every silicate mineral. These
  tetrahedra can join to form single chains, double
  chains, sheets, and three-dimensional networks.
  In these arrangements the corner oxygen atoms are
  shared between silicon atoms so the ratio is not
  necessarily 1 to 4.

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Assignment

• Read Chapter 2, Section 2 (pg. 44-49)
• Do Section 2.2 Assessment 1-7 (pg. 49)