Title: World History
1World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
2(No Transcript)
3World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Egypt is often called The gift of the Nile.
- Why might that be?
4World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- 95 of Egypt is desert.
- The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the longest
river in the worlda thin ribbon in a parched
desert. - Very plainly, life would not be possible without
the river.
5World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- No rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its
waters originate in the distant mountains,
plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So remote
were these places that they were called the
mountains of the moon. - Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria.
6World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Other gifts Transportation, fertile soil.
- Every year, in June, the Nile floods.
- This predictability makes it a tremendous asset
to farmers.
7World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Importance of the deserts
- To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan desert
and to the East, along the Red Sea, lies the
Arabian Desert. - These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay close
to the fertile soils along the river but also
protected them from invaders. Thanks to this,
Egypt was spared the constant warfare of the
fertile crescent.
8World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
9World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
10World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
11World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
12(No Transcript)
13World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
14World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
15World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
16World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back
as 6000b.c. - They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, and
donkeys. - They worshipped the wild creatures of the Nile.
- The used stone tools to clear and cultivate the
land.
17World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- So, small villages were scattered along the
river. - What to do? Villages attacked other villages..
18World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Villages united into NOMES.
- Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods.
- Of course, the raiding continued
- By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into
contact with the Mesopotamianscaravans loaded
for trade were traveling between the two regions. - Whole groups of people were moving back and forth
in search of a better life, better farming, etc.
19World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- At the same time, important changes were
occurring in Egypt. - The first Kings arose..uniting the territories
of many Nomes. - Development of their own system of writing.
20World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- By 3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had united into
two kingdoms. - One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red crown.
- One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white
crown. - PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND TWO KINGS IN
ONE LAND?
21World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- By 3100b.c., the strong-willed king of Upper
EgyptMENESunited both kingdoms into one. - As a symbol of his united kingdom, he wore a
crown of white and red. - He would create the new capitol city of Memphis.
22World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Pharaohslike Menesruled Egypt as Gods.handing
power down through the male line. A Dynasty. - Eventually the history of Egypt would comprise 31
dynasties spanning more than 2800 years. - The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and fall.
Strength followed weakness and prosperity
followed ruin.
23World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Egyptian history is divided into three major
periods - The Old Kingdom 2660-2180
- The Middle Kingdom 2080-1640
- The New Kingdom 1570-1075
24World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The Old Kingdom was the great age of the pyramid.
- Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more important
than the palace in which they lived. - The Pharaoh was expected to live foreverand so
they spent much of their wealth on their
tombfrom which, they would be reborn.
25World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- This God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the center of
Egypts religion as well as its government and
army. Considered responsible for whatever
circumstances befell the country. Responsible for
justice. - Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal spirit or
KA.
26World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power of
the Pharaohs declined. In large part because of
poor harvests, famine. More and more power fell
into the hands of nobles and officials. - If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to
us? People began to doubt his authority. - Eventually, civil war would tear the country
apart.
27World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Egyptians called the period of time following the
Old Kingdom, the First Illness. - 2180-2080
- Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the region.
28World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- It would be two young princes Intef and
Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken lands
into rule by one King again. - They would usher in the Middle Kingdom
- But, the Pharaoh would never really regain their
power.
29World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The Middle Kingdom
- Law and order returns to Egypt.
- Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish.
- Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to Thebes.
- Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is the
first time that Pharaohs seem to care about the
common folks. - Religious beliefs even began to reflect the
importance of the common man.
30World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
31World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Temple to Horus built during Mid. King.
32World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Eventually, Egypts greatness would be broken in
two by another civil warushering in the SECOND
ILLNESS - What happens to a country during times of civil
war?
33World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The country is left vulnerable during such
periods to things like - INVASION.
- Andthat is exactly what happens.
- Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in
horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were Asian
nomads known as the Hyksos. - They would rule much of Egypt from 1640-1570 b.c.
34World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The proud Egyptians despised their uncivilized
conquerors. - Butthey did learn a few things
- The making of bronzeharder than the copper that
they had been using. - How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots, bows
and arrows (powerful new kind of bow). - New techniques in the gentler artsweaving and
spinning.
35World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
36World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- 1600b.c.
- A series of warlike rulers began to restore
Egypts power - QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally driving
the enemy out of Egypt. - KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great victory
over the Hyksos. - Eventually the Egyptians would chase the Hyksos
all the way to Palestine.
37World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The New Kingdom
- This would be an age of empire and empire
building. - Third period of glory 1570-1075
38World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The kingdom of Egypt would become wealthier and
more powerful than ever before. - Buildings larger and more magnificent.
- This was the period during which Tuts tomb was
built. - Yet, much of what was built no longer exists. The
work just wasnt as carefully crafted as the work
of the Old Kingdom.
39World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Greatest conqueror of the New Kingdom
40World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Ramesses II reclaimed Egypt's lost glory through
war and peace treaties
41World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Arts and crafts flourished as you can see by this
fine relief of Seti I
42(No Transcript)
43(No Transcript)
44(No Transcript)
45World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- What do you think the invasion by the Hyksos had
done to Egypt?
46World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Basically, it had shaken their confidence in
their desert protection. - The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were far more
warrior-like that those that had come before
them. - First goal to build a professional army.
47World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears and
shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do not
seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in the New
Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by horsesa
skill that they had learned from the conquering
Hyksos.
48World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Nubian mercenaries were hired to protect Egypt
49World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
50World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- By 1300, the Egyptians had crossed the Sinai
peninsula and had conquered parts of Syria and
Palestine. - This advance brought them face to face with
another groupthe Hittites. - These were the first people to discover the
process of smelting iron. - THINK CULTURAL DIFFUSION
51World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- After a series of confrontations, they were at a
stalemate. - What is a stalemate? From where do we get the
term? - What options do you have when you are in a
stalemate?
52World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- The only answer was either to wipe each other off
the face of the earth or come to some sort of
agreement. - So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made a
treaty promising peace and brotherhood between
the two groups forever.
53World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- For the first time, the Egyptians come to realize
that they were not the most powerful people in
the world.
54World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- One of the greatest Pharaohs of the period was
Ramesses who lived to be 99 and had, according to
legend, more than 150 children. - He built the great temple to AMONEgypts chief
sun-godat Karnak.
55World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Religion
- MAAT (muh-aht)
- The virtues of a good life.
- The idea of justice, right, truth, and order.
- One wanted to live according to Maat
56World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Osiris
- Powerful god of the dead
- Would weigh each dead persons heart
- The heart could be no heavier than a feather
- What hope was there if you had a heavy heart?
57World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- No problem
- Employ a priest.
- Pay him enough and anything was possible.
- Priests had enormous power and prestige and could
influence the gods with their magic.
58World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Religion would become a serious issue for a
Pharaoh named Akhenaton who believed that
Egyptians should turn to monotheismworshipping
one God ATON.
59World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
60World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Akhenaton probably was trying, in his own way, to
curtail the power of the priests of Egypt. - They had become almost as powerful as the Pharaoh
himself. Akhenaton felt that something had to be
done.
61World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
- Most Egyptians of the period would be horrified
by the thought of this. - This included the young prince Tutankhamon.
62World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
63World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Slaves commoners
Nobles Peasants Women
Priests Pharaoh Military elite Soldiers
Divide the pyramid up into different
sections Where would you locate each of the
following groups?
64World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
PHARAOH
Nobles/Priests
Military elite
Soldiers
Commoners
Slaves.Women..Peasants
65World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt