World History

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Egypt is often called The gift of the Nile.
• Why might that be?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• 95 of Egypt is desert.
• The Nile is 4100 miles long making it the longest
  river in the worlda thin ribbon in a parched
  desert.
• Very plainly, life would not be possible without
  the river.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• No rain or smaller rivers add to the Nile. Its
  waters originate in the distant mountains,
  plateaus, and lakes of Central Africa. So remote
  were these places that they were called the
  mountains of the moon.
• Main source of the Nile is Lake Victoria.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Other gifts Transportation, fertile soil.
• Every year, in June, the Nile floods.
• This predictability makes it a tremendous asset
  to farmers.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Importance of the deserts
• To the West, the vast sands of the Libyan desert
  and to the East, along the Red Sea, lies the
  Arabian Desert.
• These deserts forced the Egyptians to stay close
  to the fertile soils along the river but also
  protected them from invaders. Thanks to this,
  Egypt was spared the constant warfare of the
  fertile crescent.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Howard Carter

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• King Tutankhamen

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Nefertiti

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Egyptians lived in farming villages as far back
  as 6000b.c.
• They domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, and
  donkeys.
• They worshipped the wild creatures of the Nile.
• The used stone tools to clear and cultivate the
  land.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• So, small villages were scattered along the
  river.
• What to do? Villages attacked other villages..

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Villages united into NOMES.
• Each with its own chieftain, rituals, and gods.
• Of course, the raiding continued
• By 3200b.c., the Egyptians were coming into
  contact with the Mesopotamianscaravans loaded
  for trade were traveling between the two regions.
• Whole groups of people were moving back and forth
  in search of a better life, better farming, etc.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• At the same time, important changes were
  occurring in Egypt.
• The first Kings arose..uniting the territories
  of many Nomes.
• Development of their own system of writing.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• By 3200b.c., the Nomes of Egypt had united into
  two kingdoms.
• One king ruled Lower Egypt and word a red crown.
• One king ruled Upper Egypt and wore a white
  crown.
• PROBLEM WITH HAVING TWO KINGDOMS AND TWO KINGS IN
  ONE LAND?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• By 3100b.c., the strong-willed king of Upper
  EgyptMENESunited both kingdoms into one.
• As a symbol of his united kingdom, he wore a
  crown of white and red.
• He would create the new capitol city of Memphis.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Pharaohslike Menesruled Egypt as Gods.handing
  power down through the male line. A Dynasty.
• Eventually the history of Egypt would comprise 31
  dynasties spanning more than 2800 years.
• The fortunes of the pharaohs would rise and fall.
  Strength followed weakness and prosperity
  followed ruin.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Egyptian history is divided into three major
  periods
• The Old Kingdom 2660-2180
• The Middle Kingdom 2080-1640
• The New Kingdom 1570-1075

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The Old Kingdom was the great age of the pyramid.
• Tombs, for the Pharaoh, were even more important
  than the palace in which they lived.
• The Pharaoh was expected to live foreverand so
  they spent much of their wealth on their
  tombfrom which, they would be reborn.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• This God-King (Pharaoh) stood at the center of
  Egypts religion as well as its government and
  army. Considered responsible for whatever
  circumstances befell the country. Responsible for
  justice.
• Pharaoh was believed to have an eternal spirit or
  KA.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power of
  the Pharaohs declined. In large part because of
  poor harvests, famine. More and more power fell
  into the hands of nobles and officials.
• If Pharaoh is like a God, why is he doing this to
  us? People began to doubt his authority.
• Eventually, civil war would tear the country
  apart.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Egyptians called the period of time following the
  Old Kingdom, the First Illness.
• 2180-2080
• Poor harvests and lawlessness plagued the region.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• It would be two young princes Intef and
  Mentuhotep who would reunite the broken lands
  into rule by one King again.
• They would usher in the Middle Kingdom
• But, the Pharaoh would never really regain their
  power.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The Middle Kingdom
• Law and order returns to Egypt.
• Farming, trade, and the arts all flourish.
• Pharaohs move the Capitol from Memphis to Thebes.
• Projects for the common good. Indeed, it is the
  first time that Pharaohs seem to care about the
  common folks.
• Religious beliefs even began to reflect the
  importance of the common man.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Capitol is moved

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Temple to Horus built during Mid. King.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Eventually, Egypts greatness would be broken in
  two by another civil warushering in the SECOND
  ILLNESS
• What happens to a country during times of civil
  war?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The country is left vulnerable during such
  periods to things like
• INVASION.
• Andthat is exactly what happens.
• Invaders swept across the Isthmus of Suez in
  horse-drawn chariots. The conquerors were Asian
  nomads known as the Hyksos.
• They would rule much of Egypt from 1640-1570 b.c.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The proud Egyptians despised their uncivilized
  conquerors.
• Butthey did learn a few things
• The making of bronzeharder than the copper that
  they had been using.
• How to wage war using horse-drawn chariots, bows
  and arrows (powerful new kind of bow).
• New techniques in the gentler artsweaving and
  spinning.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The Hyksos take over

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• 1600b.c.
• A series of warlike rulers began to restore
  Egypts power
• QUEEN AHHOTEP was instrumental in finally driving
  the enemy out of Egypt.
• KAMOSE, the next pharaoh, won a great victory
  over the Hyksos.
• Eventually the Egyptians would chase the Hyksos
  all the way to Palestine.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The New Kingdom
• This would be an age of empire and empire
  building.
• Third period of glory 1570-1075

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The kingdom of Egypt would become wealthier and
  more powerful than ever before.
• Buildings larger and more magnificent.
• This was the period during which Tuts tomb was
  built.
• Yet, much of what was built no longer exists. The
  work just wasnt as carefully crafted as the work
  of the Old Kingdom.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Thutmosis III

Greatest conqueror of the New Kingdom
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Ramesses II reclaimed Egypt's lost glory through
war and peace treaties
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Arts and crafts flourished as you can see by this
fine relief of Seti I
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• What do you think the invasion by the Hyksos had
  done to Egypt?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Basically, it had shaken their confidence in
  their desert protection.
• The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom were far more
  warrior-like that those that had come before
  them.
• First goal to build a professional army.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The Egyptian army had bronze-tipped spears and
  shields made of wood and ox-hide. They do not
  seem to have worn armor. The Pharaohs in the New
  Kingdom fought from chariots drawn by horsesa
  skill that they had learned from the conquering
  Hyksos.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
Nubian mercenaries were hired to protect Egypt
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• By 1300, the Egyptians had crossed the Sinai
  peninsula and had conquered parts of Syria and
  Palestine.
• This advance brought them face to face with
  another groupthe Hittites.
• These were the first people to discover the
  process of smelting iron.
• THINK CULTURAL DIFFUSION

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• After a series of confrontations, they were at a
  stalemate.
• What is a stalemate? From where do we get the
  term?
• What options do you have when you are in a
  stalemate?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• The only answer was either to wipe each other off
  the face of the earth or come to some sort of
  agreement.
• So, the Pharaoh and the Hittite king made a
  treaty promising peace and brotherhood between
  the two groups forever.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• For the first time, the Egyptians come to realize
  that they were not the most powerful people in
  the world.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• One of the greatest Pharaohs of the period was
  Ramesses who lived to be 99 and had, according to
  legend, more than 150 children.
• He built the great temple to AMONEgypts chief
  sun-godat Karnak.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Religion
• MAAT (muh-aht)
• The virtues of a good life.
• The idea of justice, right, truth, and order.
• One wanted to live according to Maat

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Osiris
• Powerful god of the dead
• Would weigh each dead persons heart
• The heart could be no heavier than a feather
• What hope was there if you had a heavy heart?

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• No problem
• Employ a priest.
• Pay him enough and anything was possible.
• Priests had enormous power and prestige and could
  influence the gods with their magic.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Religion would become a serious issue for a
  Pharaoh named Akhenaton who believed that
  Egyptians should turn to monotheismworshipping
  one God ATON.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Akhenaton

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Akhenaton probably was trying, in his own way, to
  curtail the power of the priests of Egypt.
• They had become almost as powerful as the Pharaoh
  himself. Akhenaton felt that something had to be
  done.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Most Egyptians of the period would be horrified
  by the thought of this.
• This included the young prince Tutankhamon.

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Tutankhamon

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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt

• Draw a pyramid

Slaves commoners
Nobles Peasants Women
Priests Pharaoh Military elite Soldiers
Divide the pyramid up into different
sections Where would you locate each of the
following groups?
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt
PHARAOH
Nobles/Priests
Military elite
Soldiers
Commoners
Slaves.Women..Peasants
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World HistoryEarly Civ. And Egypt