Pacific%20Rim%20Highlights

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Pacific Rim Highlights

• Unit IV, Section 1

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Objectives

• Understand the development of early civilizations
  along the Indus and Huang He River Valleys.
• Analyze the influence of the Asian markets on
  global trade.
• Discuss the development of Aboriginal and later
  Australian cultures focusing on influences of
  Western nations.
• Understand the regions challenges economically,
  politically, and socially.

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India
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Geographic Features

• Himalayas
• Abode of the snow in Sanskrit
• Range of Mt. Everest
• 1,500 miles long, 400 to 93 miles wide
• Ganges River
• 1,569 miles in length
• Begins in the W. Himalayas and empties into the
  Bay of Bengal
• 5th most polluted river in the World
• Used for irrigation, transportation, and a Hindu
  holy site

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History

• Indus Culture
• Based around the Indus River
• 3300-1900 BCE
• Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India
• Harappan Culture
• Collective name for the civilization
• Major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
• Modern urban planning
• No evidence of large-scale building projects
• No evidence of leadership/armies
• Society of traders artisans
• Declined due to loss of trade, drought,
  invasion

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Continued

• Mughals
• Islamic, Personate Empire, 1526-1857
• Founded by Babur
• Saw expansion with European trade companies
• Emperor Akbar
• Development of a new nobility and a stable
  economy
• 1712, the empire begins to weaken
• 1719, four emperors would sit on the throne
• Political factions begin to break the empire
  apart
• 1784, Maratha warriors seize control
• 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar deposed by the
  Brits

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The Taj Mahal

• 1632-1653
• White marble mausoleum
• Agra, India
• Built by Shah Jahan
• Memorialized his 3rd wife, Mumtaz Mahal
• Finest example of Mughal architecture
• Combines Islamic, Persian, Ottoman, Indian
  styles
• Visited annually by nearly 2 million tourists

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History Continued

• Europeans
• First establishments of trade in 18th century
• Annexation of India by 1820s by the British
• Supplier of raw materials
• Indian Revolution of 1857
• Back-lash of European policy
• Unification of Hindu Muslim groups
• Greater call for independence after WWI
• Eventual independence came in 1947
• Creation of (E W) Pakistan India

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Gandhi

• 1869-1948
• Born into a middle caste family
• Trained as a lawyer in London
• First fought for civil rights in South Africa
• Returned to India in 1915
• Began pushing for changes and independence
• Sought a non-violent form of protest
• Salt March protests
• Sought peace between religious factions after
  independence
• Nathrum Godse, assassinated Gandhi Jan. 30, 1948

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Religion

• Birthplace of Hindu, Buddhist, Jainist, Sikh
  faiths
• Hinduism
• 80 of Indians
• Polytheistic faith
• 33 deities
• Karma, reincarnation, caste society
• Jainism
• Proscription of non-violence toward living things
• Sikhism
• Monotheistic faith
• Control over the five thieves
• Lust, rage, greed, attachment, ego

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Hinduism

• Potentially the oldest of the Major religions
• Began along the Indus River
• Deities
• One supreme god that all others emanate from
• The Triumvirate
• Brahma- the Creator
• Vishnu- the Preserver
• Shiva- the Destroyer
• Reincarnation through Karma
• Actions now effect next life

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Continued

• Worship
• Individual worship
• Study of scriptures, charts, and saying of
  Mantras
• Daily festive worship
• Pilgrimages
• Holy writings are Vedas
• Temples shrines used for worship
• Ideas of,
• Dharma Power that upholds the universe and
  society
• Varna Established class system

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Buddhism

• Gautama, 5th Century BC
• Sheltered prince
• Shocked by worldly suffering
• Age, disease, decay, and denial
• Journey to Enlightenment
• No true stance on a supreme being
• Purpose of life is to end suffering
• Ideas of meditation, reincarnation, reaching
  Nirvana
• Two Main Types
• Theravada Southern Buddhism, orthodox Buddhism
• Mahayana Northern Buddhism, spiritual beings as
  guides

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Continued

• Four Noble Truths
• Life has suffering
• There is a cause to suffering
• There is an end to suffering
• Sufferings end is found in the Eight Fold Path
• The Eight Fold Path
• Know truth, Free your mind from evil, Say nothing
  to harm others, Work for the good of others
• Respect life, resist evil, Meditate, Control
  your thoughts

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Bollywood

• Based out of Mumbai (Bombay), India
• First films produced in 1913
• 1940s thru the 1960s saw the Golden Age
• Big budgets
• Musical numbers, dances, exotic locations
• Themes
• Feuds, star-crossed lovers, sacrifice,
  corruption
• 1000 films produced annually
• Around 800 films produced in the US
• Slumdog Millionaire

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The Regional Economics

• 2nd in Global agricultural output
• Manufacturing growing/improving due to outside
  competition
• 1991 reforms
• 41 Billion in gold and gem production
• Cultural influence of gold
• Expanding gold reserves
• Hub for outsourcing jobs
• Major importer of
• Crude oil
• Foreign luxury goods
• Growing middle class

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China
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Huang He River

• Yellow River, 3395 miles long
• Birthplace of Chinese civilization
• Violent unpredictable flooding
• Chinas Sorrow
• 1332-33 floods, 7 million dead
• Used for irrigation aquaculture
• Soft-shelled turtles
• 16 hydroelectric power dams
• 1/3 unsuitable for use

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Three Gorges Dam

• Located on the Yangtze River
• Worlds second largest power station
• 83.7 terawatts (1 TW 1 Trillion Watts)
• Fully opened July 4, 2012
• Hopes to
• Off-set greenhouse gas emissions
• Control flooding
• Allow for improved shipping
• Highly controversial
• 1.3 million displaced, flooding of cultural
  sites, etc.

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Historical Highlights

• Dynasties
• A line of ruling family members over a period of
  years
• Mandate of Heaven
• Shang Dynasty
• 1600-1046 BCE
• First true dynasty of China
• Earliest evidence of writing
• Oracle bones
• Human sacrifice

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The Great Wall

• Unification of wall systems in 271 BCE, Qin
  Dynasty
• Meant to protect northern states from nomadic
  invaders
• Series of towers/forts built along the
  fortifications
• Built by force (slaves, peasants, criminals)
• 5500 miles long
• Cannot be seen from space
• Longest fortification ever built
• Some parts will disappear within 20 years

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Continued

• Yuan Dynasty
• 1271-1368
• Khans
• Leadership fell to Mongolian tribal rulers
• Kublai Khan
• Grandson of Genghis
• The Great Khan
• Expanded the Chinese Empire
• Met Marco Polo
• Temur Khan
• Grandson of Kublai
• Ousted by the Ming Dynasty

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Continued

• Ming Dynasty
• 1368-1644
• Last ethnically Han dynasty
• Supported million man army navy
• Junk ships set out on global expeditions
• Achievements
• Modernized the Great Wall
• Ousted the court eunuchs
• World renowned artistry
• Furthered relations with Europeans
• Little Ice Age
• Lost the Mandate of Heaven
• Fell to the Manchu

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The Forbidden City

• 1406 to 1420
• 980 buildings covering 7.8 million sq. ft.
• 9,900 rooms
• Decorated with precious marbles, metals, woods,
  and glazed yellow tiles
• Yellow, color of Chinese royalty
• Seat of the Imperial house until 1912
• The number of statues in a room denote its
  importance
• 10 is the maximum

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Continued

• Qing Dynasty
• 1644-1912
• Nurhaci first Qing emperor
• Pensive relationship with Europeans
• Opium Wars
• The Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager Cixi)
• Emperor Puyi (6 years old) abdicated in 1912
• Died in 1967

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Europeans in China

• Silk Trade
• Valuable commodity since ancient times
• Silk worms early on domesticated
• Silk making techniques forbidden to leave China
• Opium Wars, 1839-1842 1856-1860
• British aggression over opening Chinese trade
• High European demand for Chinese goods
• Boxer Rebellion
• 1898-1900
• Opposed foreign imperialism
• 55 day siege of foreign personal in Beijing
• August of 1900 siege ended
• 20,000 foreign troops defeat the imperial army

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Culture Religion

• Confucianism
• Developed by Confucius (551-479 BCE)
• Humanist stance
• Five relationships
• Ruler ruled, father son, husband wife,
  elder brother younger brother, friend
  friend
• Daoism (Taoism)
• Living in balance (yin yang)
• Three stances
• Compassion, moderation, humility
• Buddhism
• Arrived in China around 206 BCE
• Brought by Indian missionaries through the silk
  road
• Chinese influence help spread Buddhism across
  South East Asia

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Communist Movement

• Sun Yat-sen 1866-1925
• Played major role in ousting the Qing
• First president of the Republic of China
• 3 principles Nationalism, democracy, the
  peoples livelihood
• Mao Zedong 1893-1976
• Founder of Communist China, 1949
• Lead China toward a fully Communist state
• Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
• Purge of the country
• Commune
• Communal living and sharing of resources
• Millions dead as a result
• Dismantled after the death of Mao

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Modern Issues

• One-Child Policy, 1979
• Population control
• Sanctioned through fines
• Flexibility for exceptions
• Gender gap
• Slacking control in recent years
• Pollution
• Global economic growth
• Command System
• Human rights
• Freedom of speech, protest, etc.

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Hong Kong

• 420 square mile island chain
• 200 islands
• Ranked 5th in the World for life expectancy (81
  years old)
• Seized by the British after the Opium Wars
• China regained control 1997
• Special Administrative Region
• Limited democracy
• Free Market Economy
• Link between Command China the West

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Japan
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Islands of Japan

• 6,852 islands in the Japanese archipelago
• Four Main Islands
• Hokkaido
• Shikoku
• Kyushu
• Honshu
• Main Island
• 810 miles long, 31 to 142 miles wide
• Seismically active region
• 2011 earthquake/tsunami
• Mt. Fuji, 12,388 ft

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History of the Nation

• Japan first inhabited around 30,000 BCE
• Early Japanese society worked toward copying
  China
• Development of an imperial house
• Emperor
• Buddhist influences
• Cultural norms
• Technological advancements
• Nara period saw the rise of a strong Japan
• 8th

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Continued

• Feudal Japan
• Contemporary of Middle Age Europe
• Saw the rise of a strong warrior class
• The Samurai the Shogun
• Shoguns were
• Military governors, 1192-1867
• Held great influence over land and the imperial
  court
• Rewarded for their service with
• Land, agricultural surplus, peasant labor

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Continued

• Samurai
• Highly trained educated warrior class (both
  male female)
• Far more advanced than contemporary European
  warriors
• Armor built for mobility
• Weapons developed were slender but lethal
• Katana sword
• Popular but feared segments of society
• Seppuku
• Taking ones own life when bushido was broken The
  Samurai Way

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Edo Period

• 1603-1868
• Controlled by the Tokugawa Shogunate
• Est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Achievements
• Division of the country into 300 Daimyos
• Economic growth and stability
• Strict social norms
• Furthering of the arts
• Isolationist toward foreign policy

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Modern Japanese History

• Meiji Restoration
• 1868-1912
• Opening up of Japan to the outside world
• Modernization efforts
• WWII
• Territorial aggression expansion in the 1930s
• China, Oceania, Southeast Asia
• Surprise attacks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• First atomic bombs dropped by US airmen
• Hiroshima Nagasaki

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Japanese Culture

• Shinto
• Way of the gods
• Worship of Kami (spirits or gods) shrines
• No true set rules/standards
• 80 of the pop. practice, 10 are true Shintoists
• Kabuki
• Theatre style
• Dance, singing, heavy make-up, dramatic staging
• Developed during the Edo Period
• Three styles
• Historical, domestic, dance pieces

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Continued

• Geisha
• Traditional Japanese entertainers
• Trained in hosting, conversation, music, dance,
  games
• Highly ordered ranking and training system
• Provided confidence for women in a male dominated
  culture
• Sumo
• Full-contact wrestling sport
• Shinto in background
• Highly ordered and excessively trained
• Japan, level of professionalism

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Japan Today

• Democratic-monarchy
• Emperor Akihito Empress Michiko
• 3rd largest nation economy in the World
• After the US China
• Major exporter of technology motor vehicles
• Close ally for the US in the region
• Concerns
• Urban planning- limited land
• Radiation from the Fukushima plant

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Australia
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Physical Features

• Great Dividing Range
• Eastern highlands
• 3rd largest land based range in the World
• 2,175 miles long
• Great Barrier Reef
• Worlds largest reef
• 1,400 miles, 344,400 square miles
• Largest naturally built structure, coral polyps
• Under threat from pollution, damage, and UV
  bleaching
• Lost at least half of its coral cover since 1985

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Continued

• The Outback
• The bush country of Australias interior
• Arid and dry
• Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru)

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Continued

• The Outback
• The bush country of Australias interior
• Arid and dry
• Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru)
• Native Wildlife
• Geographic separation has allowed for development
  of unique species
• Largest collection of marsupials in the World
• Kangaroos, koala bears, wallabies, wombats, etc.
• Dingo, salt water crocodiles, emu
• Feral populations of
• Horses, camels, and water buffalo

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Aboriginal Culture

• Arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago
• One of the oldest people groups on Earth
• Characteristics
• Blue eyes
• Blonde, red, or brown hair
• Hunter-gather cultures
• History of oral traditions and rock art
• Pushed to extremes by European settlers
• Conflict, kidnappings, force relocations
• Slow gains in citizenship/land rights in modern
  times
• Cottage industries
• Economic activity carried out at home
• Source of income

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European Discovery Influence

• First sighted by the Dutch in 1606
• Capt. Cook
• Mapped the Eastern Coast, 1770
• Claimed it for Britain
• Est. New South Wales
• Developed as a penal colony after the loss of the
  American colonies in 1783
• In the 19th century pushed to assimilate
  aborigines
• Taking native children to be raised

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Continued

• Europeans pushed into the interior
• Land opportunities
• Gold
• Ranching
• Stations
• Central location for cattle and sheep farming
• Beef, mutton, wool ventures
• Self-sufficient
• Limited contact, advanced through technological
  improvements
• Telegraph, radio, telephone, aircraft
• Still important part of Australias agricultural
  network

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Continued

• 1907, Dominion of Australia est.
• 1931, Statute of Westminster ended most
  constitutional links with the UK
• 1970, Immigration encouraged
• Saw the end of the White Australia Act
• Massive influx from Asia
• 1986, Australia Act, ends all British control
  over remain segments of government

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Modern Australia

• States
• New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,
  Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
• Territories
• Northern Territory the Australian Capital
  Territory
• Issues
• Push for closer relations with Pacific Rim
  neighbors
• Bringing together a multi-cultural country
• Healing and compromise with aboriginal peoples
• Public government apologies
• Species decline and climate change
• Maintaining a stable economy
• Ranked 12th for economic output
• 5th for per capita output

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Issues of Note
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North Korea

• Once controlled by China, Japan, and split
  after WWII
• North Korea under communist control since 1950s
• Government diversion of funds to military
  ventures
• 1million man army, nuclear arms programs
• Food scarcity during the 1990s and early 2000s
• North Korean economy was shrinking during the
  90s
• 2003 saw the relaxation on private ownership and
  markets
• Experimenting with a free market

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Vietnam War

• 1945-1954, Anti-Colonial war against France
• Supported by the US
• Gained independence in 1956
• Division between Communist (N) and anti-Communist
  (S)
• 1958, Viet Cong begin guerrilla offensive
• 1963, S. Vietnam begins loosing ground
• Mekong Delta
• US ups military involvement
• 1968, Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive
• 1973, US would withdraw from Vietnam
• 1975, Vietnam reunited with a North Vietnamese
  victory
• Helicopter evacuation of Saigon (Operation
  Frequent Wind)
• 1 to 2 million dead

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