INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY

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INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY MEANINS HISTORY SU
BDIVISIONS Dr. Mah Jabeen
Muneera Assistant Professor Department of
Anatomy KEMU
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BACKGROUND

• Study of structure or form of biological
  organisms
• Oldest basic medical science
• Derived from Greek word
• Ana-----up
• Tome----cutting
• Dissecare, Latin word with
• similar meaning

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• Pre Scientific Era
• Scientific Era
• Egypt
• Greece
• Roman
• Middle ages
• Contribution of Islam
• Renaissance
• Pre modern
• Modern

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Pre Scientific
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10,000BC Purposeful boring trephination of
Human skull
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Egypt 3,000BC Egyptian papyruses
Mummification embalming Human viscera stored
Heart left as such (seat of soul)
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GreeceAnatomy 1st found acceptance as science

• Alcmaeon
• Studied by dissecting animals
• Discovered Optic Nerve
• Pharyngotympanic tube
• Brain intelligence
• Concept about SLEEP

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Hippocrates 460-377 BC Father of western
medicine Anatomy as foundation of
medicine Studied wounds, bones skull
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• Aristotle
• 384-322BC
• worlds greatest NATURAL SCIENTIST
• First used term ANATOME
• Studies based upon animal dissection mainly
• Foundation of Comparative Anatomy
• Established EMBRYOLOGY on
• scientific course

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Alexandrian Era

• Herophilus Erasistratus
• Dissected human body purposefully in a med school
  in Alexandria
• Cadavers, criminals dissected even vivisection

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Decline Roman invasion
Egypt became part of Rome Culturally Roman
environment HUMAN DISSECTION WAS FORBIDDEN
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Contribution of Islam

• Greek knowledge lost to west Europe
• Retained by Islamic world
• Translated Greek text to Arabic
• Hussain Ibn_e_Ishaq (Baghdad)
• Abd_ul_Latif Baghdadi
• Ibn_e_Nafees
• Improvement in description of bones

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Claudius Galen
Knowledge was mainly based upon treating wounds
animal study Later turned out to be
incorrect Precisely described Results of damage
of spinal cord at different levels
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Leonardo de Vinci
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Vesalius

• Student of Anatomy
• Found discrepancies
• Himself performed
• Dissection
• Wrote
• 1st modern book

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• Vesaliuss De Human
• Corpora Fabrica

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17th century

• Willium Hunter
• Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID
  FOUNDATION of medicine general Surgery
• Harvey
• Presented theories about blood circulation
• Entirely new concepts

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• Morcello Malpighi(1661)
• Used MICROSCOPE
• Saw blood circulating in capillaries through
  flesh

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• Anton Van(18th cent)
• Continued microscopic work
• Felin dujordin(19th cent)
• protoplasm
• Robert Hook

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18th, 19th Centuries

• Anatomists published many Atlases, that
  introduced new standards of depicting human body
• Shortage of cadavers, led to illegal means of
  obtaining human bodies
• In Britain Anatomy Act was passed in 1832
• It made legal provision of unclaimed donated
  bodies, to medical schools
• Similar legislations in other countries later

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20th cent

• Discovery of DNA

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21st cent

• Human genome decoding project
• All recent advances

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Subdivisions

• Gross Anatomy
• Topographical
• Surface
• Systemic

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• Microscopic Anatomy
• Histology
• Embryology
• Developmental Anatomy

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• Comparative Anatomy
• Clinical Anatomy

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Techniques to represent Anatomical knowledge

• Cave pictures, models ,papyruses

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• Wood cut
• (14th Century)
• Copper Plate
• Engraving
• (16th century)

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• Hand colouring
• Lithography
• (18th cent)

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• Photography
• (19th century)
• X-ray Imaging

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• Digital imaging
• (recent advances)

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ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE

• Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical terms were
  in use
• In 1895, The German Anatomical Society held a
  meeting at Basle and prepared an approved list of
  5,000 Anatomical terms, published a book for
  guidance, Basle Nomina Anatomica
• Regular meetings are held to revise
• At present 5th edition is available

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LIFE SPAN OF MAN

• PRE NATAL
• CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1st week)
• EMBRYO (2nd-8th week)
• FETUS (3rd-birth)
• POST NATAL
• Neonate (28 days)
• Infancy (1st year)
• Childhood
• Early(2nd-6th year)
• Middle(7th-9th/10th years)
• Late (pre pubertal)
• Adolescence 6 yrs following puberty
• Adult
• Prime transition (20-60yrs)
• Old age Senescence (60-death)

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ASSIGNMENT

• ORIGIN OF LIFE